Immunomodulators - A Review on Bovine Colostrum

Andalia, Winny; Ramayanti, Cindi; Danisya, Fariliyn

doi:10.18502/kls.v7i3.11166

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Construction of fire-tube boilers (sometimes called flame-tube boilers [3]) depends mainly on the required power output, fuel, available space, or steam parameters. There are many variants offered by manufacturers, depending on orientation: horizontally oriented [28] or vertically oriented [2]; number of passes: single [28], two- [1,6] or threepass [5,29]; or flame direction: forward [8] or reverse [14,30]. Two of them are presented in Figure 1: a so-called reverse flame (Figure 1a) and the most popular variant being a three-pass boiler with forward flame (Figure 1b).…”

Section: Construction and Operation Principle Of Fire-tube Boilermentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Transfer Analysis for Combustion under Low-Gradient Conditions in a Small-Scale Industrial Energy Systems

Tokarski,

Buczyński

2023

Energies

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The issue of maintaining low-gradient combustion in the conditions of high heat extraction has been investigated numerically in this work. The analyses include the application of a convective boundary condition at the wall (with estimated boiling heat transfer coefficient); analysis of the Internal Recirculation Device’s impact on combustion products and heat transfer under low-gradient conditions; and comparison of both traditional and low-gradient combustion modes. It was shown that the Internal Recirculation Device material and geometry has a significant impact on the nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation mechanism, as NO2 emission becomes predominant and can rise up to several hundreds ppm. What is more, along with decrease in thermal resistance of the IRD, CO emissions also increase rapidly, even achieving over 2000 ppm. Additionally, the convective heat transfer rate decreased by about 25% after switching from traditional to low-gradient combustion, whereas the radiative mechanism increased by ≈40% compared to traditional mode. It should also be mentioned that the low-gradient combustion applied in this work achieved approximately 10% higher efficiency than conventional combustion.

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Section: Construction and Operation Principle Of Fire-tube Boilermentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Transfer Analysis for Combustion under Low-Gradient Conditions in a Small-Scale Industrial Energy Systems

Tokarski,

Buczyński

2023

Energies

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“…Colostrum contains beneficial microflora, including species of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which have been widely used in functional foods. Therefore, probiotics from bovine colostrum have the ability to increase immunity, as the interaction between normal flora and the gut mucosa helps in the formation of lymphocytes, which enhances the immune system against various infectious diseases [6]. Bovine colostrum has a limited shelf life due to the high microbial load and low coagulation temperature, which makes the pasteurization process difficult [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pasteurization and Sampling Time on Some Immunological and Microbial Properties of Bovine Colostrum

Ali,

Ibrahim

2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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This study was conducted in the laboratory of the Ministry of Science and Technology to estimate the immunological characteristics (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and microbial content in bovine colostrum samples on the first, third, and fifth day of birth, and the effect of pasteurization treatments {pasteurization at 63° C / 30 minutes (LTLT) and pasteurization, at 72° C. / 15 second (HTST)}. Also, to determine the antibacterial activity of colostrum against pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella oxytoca. The results showed that the HTST pasteurization was the most effective in colostrum samples. The results also showed that the immune globulins in colostrum were high on the first day of birth, then gradually decreased with the increase in the period from birth, and the concentration of IgG immune-globulins was highest in bovine colostrum, followed by IgM and then IgA, which reached 475.24, 185.70 and 162.00 ng ml-1 respectively. Also, the pasteurization treatments led to a significant decrease in the concentration of immune globulins compared with the control treatment (un paseurization). As for microbial content in colostrum, the results showed that the total number of bacteria and the number of coliform bacteria were low on the first day of birth and then increased on the third and fifth day of birth, while the average number of lactic acid bacteria was 2.12, 2.23, and 2.04 log CFU ml-1 respectively, and the pasteurization treatments led to a significant decrease in the microbial content in all samples, the results also showed that the colostrum samples were free of S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhi bacteria. Regarding testing the antibacterial efficacy of colostrum against pathogenic bacterial isolates, the results showed that the highest inhibition of colostrum was on the first day of birth against S. aureus bacteria at a zone diameter of inhibition of 14 mm, followed by E. coli, then S. typhi and K. oxytoca.

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“…Albasia Wood CompositionThe calculation result of the High Heating Value (HHV) of wood waste fuel is 148,321.41 kJ/kg. The HHV value of pure diesel fuel is 44,880.66 kJ/kg[16]. The Low Heating Value (LHV) of wood waste fuel is 145,081.41 kJ/kg, and the LHV value of diesel fuel is 41,640.66 kJ/kg.…”

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confidence: 99%

Utilization of Wood Waste for Boiler Fuel (Case Study at PT. Putra Albasia Mandiri)

Alim,

Widodo,

Rosyidi

et al. 2024

E3S Web Conf.

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The wood processing production system in its activities always produces waste in the form of husks or pieces of wood. The opportunity to control wood waste can be used to heat boilers as a substitute for fuel oil. This study on the use of wood waste was carried out to assess technical, economic and environmental aspects. An assessment of the technical aspect was carried out to see the efficiency of using wood waste compared to fuel oil. Financial aspects are an important consideration in utilizing wood waste, while environmental aspects. Studies show that diesel fuel consumption is higher than wood waste fuel consumption, however boiler efficiency is higher using oil fuel compared to wood waste fuel, namely 70%: 20%. Financial analysis using NPV shows that this wood waste fueled boiler is economically feasible. From environmental aspects, it is known that fuel consumption for one year for wood waste fuel produces CO2 emissions of 1,207.36 tons, which is lower than CO2 emissions from burning diesel which is 6,808.31 tons.

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Immunomodulators - A Review on Bovine Colostrum

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Heat Transfer Analysis for Combustion under Low-Gradient Conditions in a Small-Scale Industrial Energy Systems

Heat Transfer Analysis for Combustion under Low-Gradient Conditions in a Small-Scale Industrial Energy Systems

Effect of Pasteurization and Sampling Time on Some Immunological and Microbial Properties of Bovine Colostrum

Utilization of Wood Waste for Boiler Fuel (Case Study at PT. Putra Albasia Mandiri)

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