Immunomodulation—a general review of the current state-of-the-art and new therapeutic strategies for targeting the immune system

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a tremendous development of biotechnological, pharmacological, and medical techniques which can be implemented in the functional modulation of the immune system components. Immunomodulation has attracted much attention because it offers direct applications in both basic research and clinical therapy. Modulation of a non-adequate, amplified immune response enables to attenuate the clinical course of a disease and restore homeostasis. The potential targets to modulate immunity are as multiple as the components of the immune system, thus creating various possibilities for intervention. However, immunomodulation faces new challenges to design safer and more efficacious therapeutic compounds. This review offers a cross-sectional picture of the currently used and newest pharmacological interventions, genomic editing, and tools for regenerative medicine involving immunomodulation. We reviewed currently available experimental and clinical evidence to prove the efficiency, safety, and feasibility of immunomodulation in vitro and in vivo. We also reviewed the advantages and limitations of the described techniques. Despite its limitations, immunomodulation is considered as therapy itself or as an adjunct with promising results and developing potential.

Anti-Idiotypic Nanobodies Mimicking an Epitope of the Needle Protein of the Chlamydial Type III Secretion System for Targeted Immune Stimulation

“…Modulating the immune system is a pivotal treatment strategy in modern medicine. Currently, one of the greatest challenges in mAb therapeutics (especially with the systemic use of immunotherapeutic drugs) is their immunogenicity and the formation of anti-drug antibodies which decrease their clinical efficacy [49,50]. In the case of ai-Nbs, it is their immunogenicity that is important for the formation of the host's own therapeutic antibodies.…”

Gum acacia dietary fiber: Significance in immunomodulation, inflammatory diseases, and cancer

“…The immunomodulatory property is a regulatory process that involves modifying the activity of immune system using immunomodulatory compounds. These compounds can either dampen or enhance the immune response as needed, playing a crucial role in bolstering the body's immune resistance against pathogenic infections (Strzelec et al, 2023). When the body encounters pathogens, activated macrophages spring into action by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators to combat the invaders.…”

Newer Advancement in Immunomodulatory Therapy in Sepsis: A Comprehensive Review

“…It entails the delicate balance of immune function to address instances where the immune response is either deficient or hyperactive. Through the modulation of the immune system, immunomodulatory therapies aspire to mitigate the clinical trajectory of diseases and reinstate homeostasis [ 6 ]. This process encompasses targeting various components of the immune system to devise interventions capable of effectively regulating immune responses [ 6 ].…”

“…Through the modulation of the immune system, immunomodulatory therapies aspire to mitigate the clinical trajectory of diseases and reinstate homeostasis [ 6 ]. This process encompasses targeting various components of the immune system to devise interventions capable of effectively regulating immune responses [ 6 ]. Immunomodulation holds particular significance in conditions where chronic inflammation or aberrant immune responses contribute to the progression of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and infections [ 6 ].…”

“…This process encompasses targeting various components of the immune system to devise interventions capable of effectively regulating immune responses [ 6 ]. Immunomodulation holds particular significance in conditions where chronic inflammation or aberrant immune responses contribute to the progression of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and infections [ 6 ]. Using immunomodulation, the immune response can be externally tempered to forestall disease exacerbation and enhance patient outcomes by restoring the intricate balance of the immune system [ 6 ].…”