Immunology of the tonsils

Perry, M. E.; Whyte, A.

doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01307-3

Cited by 308 publications

(300 citation statements)

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“…Both lymphoepithelium and interfollicular areas are indeed specialized trafficking sites at which antigens can be processed and/or presented by antigen-presenting cells to other immune effector cells to initiate a specific response (14,32). In this regard, it is worth noting that macrophages are normally present in the lymphoepithelium area, where they maintain close relationships with M cells (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter are a highly specialized cellular component of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that acts as a gateway for various antigens that are present in the body cavities, like the nasopharynx (33). Such antigens are processed and/or forwarded through the cytoplasmic invaginations of M-cells, which subsequently present them to the various immune effector cells circulating in the lowest part of the lymphoepithelium (14,(32)(33)(34). In keeping with the findings of Fais et al (31), we can therefore speculate that MGCs probably result from the transmigration and homotypic fusion of blood monocytes that are infected by HIV present in the nasopharyngeal secretions during the circulation of these cells in the lymphoepithelium area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV-Associated Multinucleated Giant Cells in Lymphoid Tissue of the Waldeyer's Ring: A Detailed Study

et al. 2000

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Hyperplastic lymphoid tissues of the Waldeyer's ring in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients may occasionally contain multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). These cells, which are unrelated to any opportunistic infection, previously have been demonstrated to harbor significant amounts of HIV. Studies undertaken to characterize these MGCs have generated conflicting results: some reports suggested a macrophage origin, whereas others supported a dendritic cell lineage. This study was performed to determine the occurrence of MGCs in a series of adenoid/tonsil specimens from HIV-seropositive patients showing no histological evidence of opportunistic infection in order to further characterize the phenotype of these cells and to investigate the role of a viral infection in their pathogenesis. Adenoid/tonsil tissue specimens from 21 HIV-seropositive patients with no documented opportunistic infection were scrutinized for the presence of MGCs and evaluated immunohistochemically on paraffin sections by antibodies directed against various macrophage and DC antigens. These antigens included CD68, the macrophage marker 3A5, major histocompatibility complex Class II, S-100 protein, CD1a, and CD83. Additional immunostainings directed at CD21 and CD35 as well as at the HIV-associated p24 antigen were also performed. Finally, the presence of Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 8 viral sequences was investigated by in situ hybridization and by polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. MGCs were found in 14 patients (66.7%), regardless of gender, age, method of viral transmission, CD4 cell count, viral load, or ethnic group. These cells were mostly localized at the lymphoepithelium layer of the tonsillar crypts and, to a lesser extent, in the interfollicular areas of the underlying lymphoid tissue, which consistently exhibited features of follicular hyperplasia. Phenotypically, MGCs were found to be CD68 ؉ , 3A5 ؉ , major histocompatibility complex Class II ؉ , S-100 protein ؉/؊ , CD1a ؊ , CD21 ؊ , CD35 ؊ , and CD83 ؊ . Although the HIV-associated p24 protein was consistently present in the cytoplasm of these cells, no sign of Epstein-Barr virus or human herpesvirus 8 infection could be demonstrated. Consequently, our study didn't show any conclusive evidence to support that MGCs in hyperplastic lymphoid tissues of the Waldeyer's ring from HIV-seropositive patients originated from dendritic cells. The definite nature of these cells has yet to be elucidated, but it is plausible that they simply represent activated macrophages that are infected with HIV present in the oropharyngeal secretions during the circulation of their precursor through the lymphoepithelium area of adenoids and tonsils.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-Associated Multinucleated Giant Cells in Lymphoid Tissue of the Waldeyer's Ring: A Detailed Study

et al. 2000

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“…The edges of this graph connect neighboring volumes of tissue. For a more detailed anatomical description of Waldeyer's ring, see [59,60]. The graph provides a geometric representation of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring which consists of the lingual tonsil, the two palatine tonsils, two tubal tonsils and the adenoid, together with regions of epithelial tissue connecting them (Figure 2A).…”

Section: Geometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A virtual look at Epstein–Barr virus infection: Simulation mechanism

Shapiro

Duca

Lee

et al. 2008

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important human pathogen that establishes a lifelong persistent infection and for which no precise animal model exists. In this paper we describe in detail an agentbased model and computer simulation of EBV infection. Agents representing EBV and sets of B and T lymphocytes move and interact on a three-dimensional grid approximating Waldeyer's ring, together with abstract compartments for lymph and blood. The simulation allows us to explore the development and resolution of virtual infections in a manner not possible in actual human experiments. Specifically, we identify parameters capable of inducing clearance, persistent infection, or death.

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“…Follicles are numerous and distributed more or less uniformly throughout the tonsils and the adenoid. (For a more detailed anatomical description of Waldeyer's ring, see [2], [89].) Eventually, the latently infected B cells enter the peripheral circulation, the site of viral persistence, as resting memory cells that express no viral proteins [49] and thus are invisible to the immune response.…”

Section: A Brief Description Of the Biological Model Of Epstein-barrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boolean monomial control systems

Delgado-Eckert

2009

Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems

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Immunology of the tonsils

Cited by 308 publications

References 50 publications

HIV-Associated Multinucleated Giant Cells in Lymphoid Tissue of the Waldeyer's Ring: A Detailed Study

HIV-Associated Multinucleated Giant Cells in Lymphoid Tissue of the Waldeyer's Ring: A Detailed Study

A virtual look at Epstein–Barr virus infection: Simulation mechanism

Boolean monomial control systems

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