Immunology of Lymphatic Filariasis

Advances in Vaccine Development for Human Lymphatic Filariasis

“…The canonical host immune responses to LF infection in the human is the development of a strong Th2 type response mediated by Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which in turn results in the expansion of IL-10 producing CD4+ T cells and T regulatory cells (Tregs) that promote a generalized diminished Th1 response to the antigens [10][11][12][13][14]. This downregulation of key immune cells, molecules and mediators potentially help the parasite to survive in the hostile environment of the lymphatic system, where potential effector cells circulate around the parasite [10].…”

“…Analysis of the parasite genome and proteome reveal the presence of several molecules including homolog of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF), homolog of cytokine and chemokine mimics and antagonists, regulatory and suppressive factors (serpins and cystatins), developmental regulators and molecules such as ES-62, can suppress the proliferation of all major immune cells and downregulate expression of effector molecules in the host cells [12]. This subdued response to the parasite is also supported by the development of specific antibody isotypes (IgG1, IgG4, and IgE) secreted by B cells and the development of macrophages that are alternatively activated [10][11][12][13][14]. The immunosuppressive effect induced by the LF parasite also results in poor immune responses to vaccination, allergens and other infectious agents in the infected individuals [15].…”

“…We now know much about the human immune responses to LF and the potential mechanism by which the parasites modulate the host immune responses for its survival in the host [10][11][12][13][14][16][17][18][19]. It is also well established that protective immune responses against LF exist in the human [11,[19][20][21].…”