Immunology of bacterial polysaccharide antigens

Weintraub, Andrej

doi:10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.008

Cited by 274 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 79 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

176

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In gram-negative bacteria, composition of LPS is highly variable between genera, species and even strains, differing in a number and structure of repeating oligosaccharide units, known as 0-antigens or 0-chains, which are linked to lipid A via a genera-specific core polysaccharide. These differences account for serotype specificity; to date, well over 40 major serogroups in Salmonella species, over 170 serotypes in E. coli, greater than 40 in Shigella spp., Citrobacter spp., and Proteus spp., and greater than 10 in Klebsiella spp have been identified (Weintraub, 2003). LPS has been shown to serve as receptors for some natural strain-specific phages (Romanowska et al, 1976) and may serve as a target for landscape phages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape phage probes for Salmonella typhimurium

Sorokulova

Olsen

Chen

et al. 2005

Journal of Microbiological Methods

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape phage probes for Salmonella typhimurium

Sorokulova

Olsen

Chen

et al. 2005

Journal of Microbiological Methods

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The fact that they are surface exposed makes them ideal candidates for vaccine development, as this would induce the rapid phagocytosis of the pathogen. Problematically, CPS and EPS are antigens that elicit mostly T-lymphocyte-independent immune responses, with the exception of zwitterionic polysaccharides (127,(140)(141)(142). Moreover, the wide variety of serotypes, which have variable disease-causing effects, and molecular mimicry of some polysaccharides make the development of vaccines very challenging.…”

Section: Fig 5 Eps and Cps Biosynthesis Pathways (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the wide variety of serotypes, which have variable disease-causing effects, and molecular mimicry of some polysaccharides make the development of vaccines very challenging. Strategies to circumvent these limiting factors are the coupling of the polysaccharide structure to a carrier targeting T-cell-dependent responses (T-cell memory) and the use of peptides mimicking immunodominant structures (103,140,142,143). Hot topics in EPS/CPS vaccine development are vaccination strategies against N. meningitidis, H. influenzae type b, and S. pneumoniae (144).…”

Section: Fig 5 Eps and Cps Biosynthesis Pathways (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Tytgat

Lebeer

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.

show abstract

“…The switch from IgM-to IgG-secreting B cells requires interaction with an activated antigen-specific CD4 ϩ T helper lymphocyte, which can be engaged by the conjugation of the polysaccharide to a carrier protein. Vi, as a Ti-2 antigen, does not generate immunological memory, and antibodies induced by Vi are not able to be boosted by repeated vaccinations (16,40).In contrast, Vi conjugated to a carrier protein provides a valid solution against those major drawbacks. Vi conjugated to tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein (Peda Typh) and to the nontoxic recombinant exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Vi-rEPA) has been tested in humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Biological Activity of the Citrobacter freundii Vi-CRM ₁₉₇ Conjugate as a Vaccine for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi

Rondini

Micoli

Lanzilao

et al. 2011

Clin Vaccine Immunol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Typhoid fever remains a major health problem in developing countries. Young children are at high risk, and a vaccine effective for this age group is urgently needed. Purified capsular polysaccharide from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Vi) is licensed as a vaccine, providing 50 to 70% protection in individuals older than 5 years. However, this vaccine is ineffective in infants. Vi conjugated to a carrier protein (i.e., an exoprotein A mutant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa [rEPA]) is highly immunogenic, provides long-term protection, and shows more than 90% protective efficacy in children 2 to 5 years old. Here, we describe an alternative glycoconjugate vaccine for S. Typhi, Vi-CRM 197 , where Vi was obtained from Citrobacter freundii WR7011 and CRM 197 , the mutant diphtheria toxin protein, was used as the carrier. We investigated the optimization of growth conditions for Vi production from C. freundii WR7011 and the immunogenicity of Vi-CRM 197 conjugates in mice. The optimal saccharide/protein ratio of the glycoconjugates was identified for the best antibody production. We also demonstrated the ability of this new vaccine to protect mice against challenge with Vi-positive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of typhoid fever, a systemic disease which remains a major public health problem, predominantly in children in developing countries. Estimates of the global burden of typhoid fever range from 17 to 22 million cases per year with 216,000 to 600,000 associated annual deaths (2, 9). S. Typhi expresses a virulence (Vi) capsule encoded in the viaB locus of Salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (SPI7), which allows S. Typhi to modulate host responses during infection by evading innate immune surveillance (25,26). Vi is also the main target for vaccines and a major protective antigen against typhoid fever. One of the two currently licensed typhoid fever vaccines is unconjugated Vi polysaccharide, available in more than 90 countries (41).Vi consists of repeating (␣1-4)-2-deoxy-2-N-acetyl galacturonic acid moieties and, similar to other polysaccharides consisting of repeating epitopes, is classified as thymus-independent type 2 (Ti-2) antigen (33). These types of polysaccharides provoke an immune response which is age related, with children under 2 years of age generally poor responders. Additionally, Ti-2 antigens lack affinity maturation of antibody response, generate limited immunologic memory and no booster effect, and produce predominantly immunoglobulin isotype IgM with limited class switching (1). The switch from IgM-to IgG-secreting B cells requires interaction with an activated antigen-specific CD4 ϩ T helper lymphocyte, which can be engaged by the conjugation of the polysaccharide to a carrier protein. Vi, as a Ti-2 antigen, does not generate immunological memory, and antibodies induced by Vi are not able to be boosted by repeated vaccinations (16,40).In contrast, Vi conjugated to a carrier protein provides a valid solution against those m...

show abstract

Immunology of bacterial polysaccharide antigens

Cited by 274 publications

References 79 publications

Landscape phage probes for Salmonella typhimurium

Landscape phage probes for Salmonella typhimurium

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Biological Activity of the Citrobacter freundii Vi-CRM ₁₉₇ Conjugate as a Vaccine for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Immunology of bacterial polysaccharide antigens

Cited by 274 publications

References 79 publications

Landscape phage probes for Salmonella typhimurium

Landscape phage probes for Salmonella typhimurium

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Biological Activity of the Citrobacter freundii Vi-CRM 197 Conjugate as a Vaccine for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Biological Activity of the Citrobacter freundii Vi-CRM ₁₉₇ Conjugate as a Vaccine for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi