Immunological memory cells

Abstract

This article reviews immunological memory cells, currently represented by T and B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which determine a rapid and effective response against a second encounter with the same antigen. Among T lymphocytes, functions of memory cells are provided by their subsets: central memory, effector memory, tissue-resident memory, regulatory memory and stem memory T cells. Memory T and B lymphocytes have an essential role in the immunity against microbial pathogens but are also involved in autoimmunity and maternal-fetal tolerance. Furthermore, the evidence of immunological memory has been established for NK cells. NK cells can respond to haptens or viruses, which results in generation of antigen-specific memory cells.T, B and NK cells, which have a role in immunological memory, have been characterized phenotypically and functionally. During the secondary immune response, these cells are involved in the reaction against foreign antigens, including pathogens, and take part in autoimmune diseases, but also are crucial to immunological tolerance and vaccine therapy.

The untwining of immunosenescence and aging

“…This post-infection differentiation process is part of the adaption that allows these immune cells to respond more efficiently when challenged with the same pathogen. Altogether, this makes the organism "fitter" in the local environment, whereby the host is expected to face the same pathogen again [156].…”

Predicting combinations of immunomodulators to enhance dendritic cell-based vaccination based on a hybrid experimental and computational platform

“…As highlighted above, phenotypical characterization of NK cells (CD16 + , CD16 - and NKT cells) [63] was given a lower weight of 2. The weight of 1 was attributed to the cell count at the end of the third stimulation and to the CD8 + T cells memory phenotype [57] , [58] (A detailed explanation is provided in the supplementary ) ( Table 2 ). To calculate the score, for each readout we multiplied the experimentally obtained value by the attributed weight of that particular readout, we repeated this approach for all readouts and summed the results.…”

A Perspective on Emerging Therapeutic Interventions for COVID-19

“…If a person subsequently comes into contact with the same pathogen, the immune system will be able to rapidly produce the same type of antibody that prevents the disease from developing or decreases its severity and allows it to remove the pathogen from the body. By "immunological memory, " it is estimated that the immune system can remember or effectively recognize and fight hundreds of thousands, possibly millions, of different foreign organisms (89).…”