Immunological mechanisms of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus

Stagner, John Irvin

doi:10.31274/rtd-180816-1094

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…9 After phagocytosis, bacteria are digested intracellularly by lysosomal enzymes. 13 In this case series, hemocyte coagula were frequently observed around infectious agents (ie, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), and hemocytes aggregated around and occluded ulcers. The hemocyte response ranged from small aggregates of granular hemocytes to large central coagula surrounded by a mix of granular and reactive hemocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

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Histologic Findings in Captive American Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus)

LaDouceur¹,

Mangus

Garner

et al. 2019

Vet Pathol

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Histopathology of 61 captive American horseshoe crabs (HSCs; Limulus polyphemus) is reviewed. HSC organs evaluated histologically included body wall (chitin, epidermis, dermis, and skeletal muscle), hepatopancreas, gut, gonads, book gills, eyes, heart, brain, and coxal gland. In descending order, lesions were most frequently identified in compound eye, body wall, book gills, hepatopancreas, chitinous gut, nonchitinous gut, heart, and brain; lesions were not observed in coxal gland or gonads. Hemocytes (also called amoebocytes) surrounded infectious agents and occluded ulcers. Large hemocyte aggregates had a central eosinophilic coagulum (ie, hemocyte coagulum). Cutaneous ulceration (34/60 cases), branchitis (29/48 cases), and ophthalmitis (17/20 cases) were common lesions and consistently associated with fungi, which were invasive into subjacent tissues, and/or bacteria, which were usually superficial. Fungal culture was performed in 3 cases and isolated Fusarium spp., although fungal morphology varied and multiple fungal species may have been present. Presumptive green algae were associated with ulceration in 1 case with minimal to no inflammation. Presumptive cyanobacteria were identified within a biofilm overlying the gills in 4 of 48 cases and were not invasive. Multifocal, random hepatopancreatitis was identified in 16 of 57 cases, 10 of which were associated with bacteria. Metacercarial cysts were identified in 25 of 61 cases and associated with minimal to no inflammation. Depleted eosinophilic globules in hepatopancreatic interstitial cells were interpreted as decreased nutritional status in 12 of 57 cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Hemocytes are the only immune cell of HSCs and are stored in vascular sinuses. 4,13 Under normal physiologic conditions, hemocytes have cytoplasmic granules. In pathologic conditions, hemocytes can discharge their cytoplasmic granules and aggregate around wounds, infectious agents, and foreign material to aid in the immune response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histologic Findings in Captive American Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus)

LaDouceur¹,

Mangus

Garner

et al. 2019

Vet Pathol

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“…Their function in the gills is not clear, but they are commonly related to formation of the epicuticle and to tanning (Taylor & Taylor, 1992). However, Stagner & Redmond (1975) suggested that these tegumental glands might act in the defence against invasion by microrganisms in the chelicerate arthropod, Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gill morphology and ultrastructure of the prawn, Palaemonetes argentinus Nobili, 1901 (Decapoda, Caridea)

Petriella

Sousa

2005

Crustac

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A morphological and ultrastructural study was performed on the gills of Palaemonetes argentinus from the Sotelo stream, a tributary of the Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Argentina, 37 • 45 S 57 • 26 W). This species possesses a phyllobranchiate gill, in which the central axis is triangular and has one row of flattened lamellae on each side. There are one afferent channel, two efferent channels, and several tegumental glands along the axis. Nephrocytes are only present in the stem, associated with the efferent haemolymph. Mature nephrocytes have a voluminous vacuole, surrounded by satellite vacuoles, a lateral nucleus, and pedicels on the surface. In the lamellae, the principal cells have apical extensions with deep infoldings and a neck-like zone with bundles of microtubules. The nucleus is in a basal expansion of the cell and the basolateral membranes of neighbouring cells are interdigitated, with large numbers of mitochondria in the interdigitations. The cells show characteristics of both respiratory and ion-regulatory epithelium; they also have a structural role in directing the haemolymph flow and in supporting the lamellae. The thicker cuticle near the marginal channel increases mechanical support. The ultrastructure of the lamellar epithelium appears to be related to the capability of P. argentinus of living in freshwater and adapting to media with variable salinity. RESÚMENSe realizó un estudio morfológico y ultraestructural de las branquias del camarón Palaemonetes argentinus del arroyo Sotelo, tributario de la laguna costera de Mar Chiquita (Argentina, 37 • 45 S 57 • 26 W). Esta especie posee filobranquias, cuyo eje central tiene forma triangular y posee una hilera de laminillas aplanadas a cada lado. Hay un canal aferente, dos canales eferentes y glándulas tegumentarias a lo largo del eje. Se observaron nefrocitos asociados con la hemolinfa eferente en el eje central. Los nefrocitos maduros tienen una vacuola voluminosa rodeada por vacuolas satélite, un núcleo lateral y pedicelos en la superficie. En las laminillas las células principales tienen extensiones apicales con profundos pliegues y una zona más estrecha con numerosos microtúbulos. El núcleo se ubica en una expansion basal y las membranas basolaterales de las células vecinas se interdigitan encerrando numerosas mitocondrias. Estas células muestran características de un epitelio respiratorio y osmorregulador. También tienen una función estructural: dirigen el flujo de la hemolinfa y 3 )

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“…An increase in EG eould oceur directly if the transient time of maturing cells was reduced, assuming steady-state entry into the HC compartment, or if release occurred from tissue storage areas. The latter mechanism is thought to occur in horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus in response to bacterial infections (Stagner & Redmond 1975). It is also possible that the number of EG does not actually increase but that the numher of HC decreases in response to the fungal infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tanner crab Chionocetes bairdi Rathbun haemocyte classification and an evaluation of using differential counts to measure infection with a fungal disease

Mix¹,

Sparks²

1980

Journal of Fish Diseases

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The circulating haemocytes of the tanner crab, Chionocetes bairdi, were studied and classified as hyalinocytes, intermediate granulocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes. Differential haemocyte counts of normal crabs and crabs infected with an apparently pathogenic unnamed ascomycete fungus revealed a shift in the hyaiinocyte-granulocyte ratio in infected crabs. There was a highly significant increase in the percentage of granulocytes and a corresponding decrease in hyalinocytes in infected crabs. This shift was thought to be caused by a marked increase in the relative number of eosinophilic gi*anulocytes. There was also a highly significant statistical relationship between the severity of the internal fungus infection, established by histopathological analysis of the major organ systems, and the increased number of circulating eosinophilic granulocytes. The results of the study indicate that differential haemocyte counts may be a valuable tool in monitoring the health of C. bairdi populations.

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Immunological mechanisms of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Histologic Findings in Captive American Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus)

Histologic Findings in Captive American Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus)

Gill morphology and ultrastructure of the prawn, Palaemonetes argentinus Nobili, 1901 (Decapoda, Caridea)

Tanner crab Chionocetes bairdi Rathbun haemocyte classification and an evaluation of using differential counts to measure infection with a fungal disease

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