Immunological aspects of COVID-19: What do we know?

Velikova, Tsvetelina; Kotsev, Stanislav; Georgiev, D; Batselova, Hristiana

doi:10.4331/wjbc.v11.i2.14

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…IL-6 involvement in liver failure during COVID-19 is also established as a part of the cytokine storm [ 4 ]. In some cases, abdominal pain is due to mesenteric lymphadenitis, which might also be connected with IL-6 [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, with time, it became evident that COVID-19 can present with wide variability of symptoms, including gastrointestinal, neurologic, cardiovascular, and even multiorgan failure, as part of a severe inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) [ 2 ]. Furthermore, research shows that the wide range of clinical manifestations is linked to the viral tropism to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor found on many different cells, including liver and bile-duct epithelial cells [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liver Involvement in Children with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: A Single-Center Bulgarian Observational Study

et al. 2021

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SARS-CoV-2 infection may precede and cause various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Therefore, we aimed to observe the clinical presentation and laboratory, instrumental and other constellations in children with MIS-C, including liver involvement. We present the outcomes from a single-center prospective observational study in which 89 children was included (60 with proven COVID-19, 10 symptomatic with confirmed COVID-19 contact and 19 diagnosed with MIS-C). Laboratory, instrumental, immunological, and clinical investigations were performed. Only 12% (n = 4) from the COVID-19 group (except the ICU cases), we found elevated AST and/or ALT (up to 100). All of the children with elevated transaminase were overweight or obese, presenting along with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. The majority of children with MIS-C showed typical laboratory constellations with higher levels of IL-6 (120.36 ± 35.56 ng/mL). About half of the children in the MIS-C group (52%, n = 11) showed elevated transaminases. Eleven children (57.9%) presented with abdominal pain, eight (42.1%) with ascites, two (10.5%) with hepatosplenomegaly, and four (21.1%) with symptoms such as diarrhea. Mesenteric lymphadenitis was observed more often in patients with elevated LDH (327.83 ± 159.39, p = 0.077). Ascites was associated with lymphopenia (0.86 ± 0.80, p = 0.029) and elevated LDH. Hepato-splenomegaly was also more frequent in children with lymphopenia (0.5 ± 0.14, p = 0.039), higher troponin (402.00 ± 101.23, p = 0.004) and low ESR. Diarrhea was more frequent in patients with lower CRP (9.00 ± 3.44 vs. 22.25 ± 2.58, p = 0.04), and higher AST and ALT (469.00 ± 349.59 vs. and 286.67 ± 174.91, respectively, p = 0.010), and D-dimer (4516.66 ± 715.83, p = 0.001). Our data suggest that the liver can also be involved in MIS-C, presenting with typical laboratory and instrumental outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liver Involvement in Children with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: A Single-Center Bulgarian Observational Study

et al. 2021

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“…The extensive cell death observed in retained lymphocytes was due to the pro-apoptotic effect of IL-6 and Fas-FasL interactions. In this context, treating patients with IL-6 receptor antagonist (tocilizumab) was found to increase the number of circulating lymphocytes (Diao et al, 2020;Guo et al, 2020;Shiow et al, 2006;Velikova, Kotsev, Georgiev, & Batselova, 2020).…”

Section: T Lymphocytes Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of exercise in the recovery process after the inflammation process caused by coronavirus

Córdova-Martínez¹,

Pérez-Valdecantos²,

Caballero-García³

et al. 2021

jhse

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Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 -COVID-19) disease causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. During infection, activation of macrophages and pro-inflammatory granulocytes produces cell damage, inducing lung inflammation that leads to the characteristic symptoms of fever, cough, fibrosis, and high increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. In general, during the inflammatory process and infection by coronavirus, cytokines are elevated, particularly IL-1, 6 and 12, TNF-α, and TGF-β. In addition, patients with complications and lethal prognosis present increased serum levels of IF-I and γ compared to healthy individuals or patients with moderate symptoms. On the other hand, it is known that physical activity favours an adaptation of the immune system function. In this context, we suggest that appropriate exercise programs could improve recovery of people who have suffered from COVID-19 disease, improving the quality of life and reinforcing the protection against future infections. The immunomodulatory properties of exercise and physical activity could act as prevention tools for different chronic diseases in healthy individuals and complement therapeutic tools in sick patients. Nevertheless, exercise must be adequate both in time and intensity, taking into account the patient's clinical situation as well as their previous physical activity.

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“…Humoral and cell-mediated immunity of both types of immune responses is particularly prominent when COVID-19 infection occurs. However, cell-mediated immunity is prime and effective against viral infections 29 . In COVID-19 patients, abnormal lymphocyte distribution, an increase in mature natural killer cells (NK), and a decrease in T cells have been identified.…”

Section: Immunology Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of COVID-19 and the Potential Plant Harboured Secondary Metabolites against SARS-CoV-2: A Review

Swamy¹

2021

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes COVID-19, a pandemic disease, and it is called the novel coronavirus. It belongs to the Coronaviridae family and has been plagued the world since the end of 2019. Viral infection to the lungs causes fluid filling and breathing difficulties, which leads to pneumonia. Pneumonia progresses to ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), in which fluid fills the air sac and seeps from the pulmonary veins. In the current scenario, several vaccines have been used to control the pandemic worldwide. Even though vaccines are available and their effectiveness is short, it may be helpful to curb the pandemic, but long-term protection is inevitable when we look for other options. Plants have diversified components such as primary and secondary metabolites. These molecules show several activities such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-helminthic. In addition, these molecules have good binding ability to the SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins such as RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), Mpro (Main Protease), etc. Therefore, these herbal molecules could probably be used to control the COVID-19. However, pre-requisite tests, such as cytotoxicity, in vivo, and human experimental studies, are required before plant molecules can be used as potent drugs. Plant metabolites such as alkaloids, isoquinoline ß-carboline, and quinoline alkaloids such as skimmianine, quinine, cinchonine, and dictamine are present in plants and used in a traditional medicinal system.

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Immunological aspects of COVID-19: What do we know?

Cited by 34 publications

References 79 publications

Liver Involvement in Children with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: A Single-Center Bulgarian Observational Study

Liver Involvement in Children with COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: A Single-Center Bulgarian Observational Study

Effect of exercise in the recovery process after the inflammation process caused by coronavirus

An Overview of COVID-19 and the Potential Plant Harboured Secondary Metabolites against SARS-CoV-2: A Review

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