Immunological Activities Associated with Milk

Background: Human colostrum and milk contain components that influence development. Our aim was to use a protein array to determine the cytokine profile of human lacteal secretions and changes that occur during the early postpartum period. Methods: We collected 17 samples of colostrum during the first 2 days postpartum and a 2nd group of 5 sets of 2 to 3 sequential colostrum or milk samples (at 20-to 30-h intervals). We analyzed the samples with array membranes consisting of 42 or 79 antibodies directed against cytokines. Results: In most samples, we detected the previously described cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8)/CXCL8, epidermal growth factor (EGF), growth-related oncoprotein (GRO)/CXCL1-3, angiogenin, transforming growth factor ␤-2, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1/ CCL2). In addition, we found 32 cytokines that have not been described before in colostrum. Cytokine concentrations differed among mothers, and the spectrum of cytokines changed with time after delivery. A significant decrease occurred in IL-12 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1␦/CCL15 and a significant increase in MCP-1/CCL2. The production of angiogenin, vascular endothelial growth factor, GRO/CXCL1-3, EGF, and IL-8/CXCL8 remained high throughout. The concentrations of 2 selected cytokines measured with the array technique and ELISA showed moderate to strong correlation (r ‫؍‬ 0.63 for EGF and r ‫؍‬ 0.84 for IL-8/CXCL8). Conclusion: Despite the lack of precise quantification, the protein array might be suitable for cytokine screening. It allows simultaneous detection of a broad spec-

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“…These factors may help in establishing mucosal homeostasis in both the mammary gland and the suckling's gut (13,20,21 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine Profiling in Human Colostrum and Milk by Protein Array

et al. 2007

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“…This is presumably due to a decline of IgA amount in the breast milk. Initially, the high IgA level in feces is largely derived from the IgA supply in the dam's milk [19], because infant mice cannot secrete IgA self-sufficiently until around day 23 [18], and IgA is not transferred from dam to pups through the placenta during the fetal life, unlike IgG [25]. However the level of IgA in the milk decreases as the suckling period proceeds [33], even though pups cannot secrete IgA themselves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Intestinal Microbiota in Mice and Its Possible Interaction with the Evolution of Luminal IgA in the Intestine

2005

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“…1 This small volume of breast milk contains increased concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), growth factors, lactoferrin, anti-inflammatory cytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and other protective components, compared with mature breast milk. [2][3][4][5] Several studies indicate that immunoprotective factors are more highly concentrated in the colostrum of mothers who deliver preterm infants than those who give birth at term.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oropharyngeal Colostrum Administration in Extremely Premature Infants: An RCT

et al. 2015

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To determine the immunologic effects of oropharyngeal colostrum administration in extremely premature infants. METHODS:We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 48 preterm infants born before 28 weeks' gestation. Subjects received 0.2 mL of their mother's colostrum or sterile water via oropharyngeal route every 3 hours for 3 days beginning at 48 to 96 hours of life. To measure concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, and several immune substances, urine and saliva were obtained during the first 24 hours of life and at 8 and 15 days. Clinical data during hospitalization were collected.RESULTS: Urinary levels of secretory immunoglobulin A at 1 week (71.4 vs 26.5 ng/g creatinine, P = .04) and 2 weeks (233.8 vs 48.3 ng/g creatinine, P = .006), and lactoferrin at 1 week (3.5 vs 0.9 mg/g creatinine, P = .01) were significantly higher in colostrum group. Urine interleukin-1b level was significantly lower in colostrum group at 2 weeks (55.3 vs 91.8 mg/g creatinine, P = .01). Salivary transforming growth factor-b1 (39.2 vs 69.7 mg/mL, P = .03) and interleukin-8 (1.2 vs 4.9 ng/mL, P = .04) were significantly lower at 2 weeks in colostrum group. A significant reduction in the incidence of clinical sepsis was noted in colostrum group (50% vs 92%, P = .003).CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that oropharyngeal administration of colostrum may decrease clinical sepsis, inhibit secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increase levels of circulating immune-protective factors in extremely premature infants. Larger studies to confirm these findings are warranted. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Immunerelated bioactive proteins are highly concentrated in the colostrum of mothers who deliver preterm infants. Oropharyngeal administration was proposed as a safe and feasible alternative method of providing colostrum to immunocompromised premature infants. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Oropharyngeally administered colostrum during the first few days of life increased urinary secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin, decreased urinary interleukin-1b, reduced salivary transforming growth factor-b1 and interleukin-8, and reduced the occurrence of clinical sepsis in extremely premature infants.

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Immunological Activities Associated with Milk

Cited by 50 publications

References 137 publications

Cytokine Profiling in Human Colostrum and Milk by Protein Array

Cytokine Profiling in Human Colostrum and Milk by Protein Array

Development of Intestinal Microbiota in Mice and Its Possible Interaction with the Evolution of Luminal IgA in the Intestine

Oropharyngeal Colostrum Administration in Extremely Premature Infants: An RCT

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