Immunologic responses to West Nile virus in vaccinated and clinically affected horses

Davidson, A.; Traub‐Dargatz, Josie L.; Rodeheaver, Racquel M.; Ostlund, Eileen N.; Pedersen, Douglas D.; Moorhead, Ron G.; Stricklin, Joe B.; Dewell, Reneé D.; Roach, Susan D.; Long, Rachel E.; Albers, Sara J.; Callan, Robert J.; Salman, Mo

doi:10.2460/javma.2005.226.240

Cited by 97 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Furthermore, although several studies have noted that some horses vaccinated against WNV respond poorly and that WND can occur in vaccinated animals [2,10,15,25,26], there are no reliable estimates as to the frequency of this phenomenon. The objective of the study reported here was to compare the incidence and effects of natural WNV infection in unvaccinated and vaccinated horses in California.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and effects of West Nile virus infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses in California

et al. 2007

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and effects of West Nile virus infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses in California

et al. 2007

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“…Horses are exposed to numerous mosquito bites and may serve as sensitive sentinels for local arbovirus activity, which can be detected by screening for the novel production of specific virus-reactive antibodies ("seroconversion"). Horses infected with WNV may develop neurologic disease, sometimes leading to death, but most infections are subclinical and will only be detected through testing for seroconversion (Davidson et al 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccines against WNV and Japanese encephalitis virus are available commercially to horse owners in some countries and the use of these vaccines results in seroconversion (Davidson et al 2005, Hirota et al 2010). …”

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confidence: 99%

Seroconversion for west Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses among sentinel horses in Colombia

Máttar

Komar

Young

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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We prospectively sampled flavivirus-naïve horses in northern Colombia to detect West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) seroconversion events, which would indicate the current circulation of these viruses. Overall, 331 (34.1%) of the 971 horses screened were positive for past infection with flaviviruses upon initial sampling in July 2006. During the 12-month study from July 2006-June 2007, 33 WNV seroconversions and 14 SLEV seroconversions were detected, most of which occurred in the department of Bolivar. The seroconversion rates of horses in Bolivar for the period of March-June 2007 reached 12.4% for WNV and 6.7% for SLEV. These results comprise the first serologic evidence of SLEV circulation in Colombia. None of the horses sampled developed symptoms of encephalitis within three years of initial sampling. Using seroconversions in sentinel horses, we demonstrated an active circulation of WNV and SLEV in northern Colombia, particularly in the department of Bolivar. The absence of WNV-attributed equine or human disease in Colombia and elsewhere in the Caribbean Basin remains a topic of debate and speculation

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“…Additionally, 3 of the 11 WNV-seropositive horses in this study tested IgM positive, suggesting recent infection. All seropositive horses were asymptomatic but this is not surprising, as a significant proportion of WNV cases present with fever only (Davidson et al 2005), so it is easy to understand how some clinical cases might go unnoticed, misdiagnosed, or remain unreported. In addition to the detection of IgM antibodies, there was no apparent increase in seroprevalence with increased exposure age, also suggesting recent WNV activity in Trinidad.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Evidence of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Livestock and Wildlife in Trinidad

Thompson

Auguste

Coombs

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Seroprevalence rates of selected arboviruses in animal populations in Trinidad were determined using serum samples collected between 2006 and 2009 from horses (n = 506), cattle (n = 163), sheep (n = 198), goats (n = 82), pigs (n = 184), birds (n = 140), rodents (n = 116), and other vertebrates (n = 23). The sera were screened for antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Ilheus virus (ILHV), Bussuquara virus (BSQV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), using hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) and epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Antibodies to SLEV were detected in a total of 49 (9.7%) horses, 8 (4.9%) cattle, 1 (1.2%) goat, 2 (1.4%) wild birds, and 3 (2.2%) wild rodents by both methods. In contrast, antibodies to EEEV, VEEV, and WNV were detected only in horses, at rates of 4.3%, 0.8%, and 17.2%, respectively, by ELISA, and IgM capture ELISA was WNV-positive in 3 (0.6%) of these sera. Among locally bred unvaccinated horses that had never left Trinidad, seroprevalence rates against WNV were 12.1% and 17.2% by ELISA and HIA, respectively. The presence of WNV-and SLEV-specific antibodies in a representative sample of horse sera that were both ELISA-and HIA-seropositive was confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT). Antibodies to ILHV and BSQV were not detected in any of the serum samples tested (i.e., sera from horses, other livestock, and wild birds in the case of ILHV, and wild mammals in the case of BSQV). The data indicate the presence of WNV in Trinidad, and continuing low-level circulation of SLEV, EEEV, and VEEV.

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Immunologic responses to West Nile virus in vaccinated and clinically affected horses

Abstract: A portion of horses vaccinated against WNV may respond poorly. Vaccination every 6 months may be indicated in certain horses and in areas of high vector activity. Other preventative methods such as mosquito control are warranted to prevent WNV infection in horses.

Cited by 97 publications

References 10 publications

Incidence and effects of West Nile virus infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses in California

Incidence and effects of West Nile virus infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses in California

Seroconversion for west Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses among sentinel horses in Colombia

Serological Evidence of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses in Livestock and Wildlife in Trinidad

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