Immunologic Overlap of Helper T-Cell Subtypes 17 and 22 in Erythrodermic Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) are inflammatory diseases thought to be mediated by helper T-cell subtypes 1 and 2 (T H 1 and T H 2), respectively. Although psoriasis and AD show histopathologic differences during chronic disease, they are difficult to distinguish histologically during erythrodermic exacerbations. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the immune phenotype of helper T cells can differentiate erythrodermic psoriasis and erythrodermic AD by studying skin biopsy specimens of patients with psoriasis and AD during erythrodermic and chronic disease phases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a retrospective study using biopsy samples of psoriasis, AD, and erythroderma belonging to the surgical pathology files of the James Homer Wright Pathology Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, and collected from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2011. Samples were obtained from patients with chronic psoriasis (n = 20), chronic AD (n = 20), erythroderma subsequently diagnosed as psoriasis (n = 7), and erythroderma subsequently diagnosed as AD (n = 5). We evaluated immunohistochemical stains for CD3 and dual stains for CD4 and T-bet, GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), or basonuclin 2 (BNC2), which are transcription factors reported to be specific and mutually exclusive for T H 1, T H 2, T H 17, and T H 22 cells, respectively. Two investigators independently counted CD3 + cells and dual-labeled CD4 + /T-bet + , CD4 + /GATA3 + , CD4 + /STAT3 + , and CD4 + /BNC2 + cells in 5 consecutive high-power fields. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We evaluated the percentage of T H 1, T H 2, T H 17, and T H 22 cells in CD3 + T cells and the T H 1:T H 2 ratio in chronic psoriasis, chronic AD, erythrodermic psoriasis, and erythrodermic AD. RESULTS We found a significant difference in the T H 1:T H 2 ratio between chronic psoriasis and chronic AD (0.26 and 0.09, respectively; P = .005). However, we detected no significant difference in the percentage of T H 1 (6.5% and 4.8%), T H 2 (55.2% and 64.6%), T H 17 (14.7% and 30.4%), and T H 22 (3.8% and 3.3%) cells of CD3 + T cells or in the T H 1:T H 2 ratio (0.16 and 0.07) within biopsy specimens from patients with erythrodermic psoriasis and AD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study confirms the T H 1-and T H 2-skewed phenotype of chronic psoriasis and chronic AD, respectively. However, the immune phenotype, as determined by immunohistochemical analysis, cannot discriminate between these inflammatory diseases in the erythrodermic phase. These findings advance our understanding of the pathophysiological characteristics of erythroderma, psoriasis, and AD and may influence therapeutic decisions.

Eosinophils are rare in biopsy specimens of psoriasis vulgaris

“…Moy et al found perivascular eosinophils in 7 out of 7 biopsies of erythrodermic psoriasis. Although the quantity of eosinophils was not specified and the study sample size was small, 100% of erythrodermic psoriasis biopsies reviewed had eosinophils . In our study, only 1 patient had erythrodermic psoriasis, and his eosinophil count was 0.…”

Psoriasis or not? Review of 51 clinically confirmed cases reveals an expanded histopathologic spectrum of psoriasis

“…Difficulty in distinguishing psoriasis and atopic dermatitis extends to immunological and molecular analyses. Moy et al determined that it was not possible to discriminate between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis based on immunological phenotype during an erythrodermic state, while Choy et al found comparable expression of neutrophil chemoattractant genes between the 2 inflammatory conditions . Taken together, it appears that psoriasis may share greater pathologic and, thereby, histologic overlap with atopic dermatitis than currently recognized.…”

Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammatory Disorder: Atopic Dermatitis

“…A recent study confirmed AD to be a result of Th2-skewed immune response, specifically the ratio of Th1:Th2 of chronic AD was 0.09. Consistently, most of the CD3 + T cells in biopsy specimens from chronic AD lesions were comprised of Th2 (64.6%), followed by Th17 (30.4%), Th22 (3.3%) and Th1 cells (4.8%) [119]. …”