Immunologic, genetic, and ecological interplay of factors involved in allergic diseases

Abstract

An allergic or type I hypersensitivity reaction involves a misdirected immune overreaction to innocuous environmental and dietary antigens called allergens. The genetic predisposition to allergic disease, referred to as atopy, can be expressed as a variety of manifestations—e.g., allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, anaphylaxis. Globally, allergic diseases are one the most common types of chronic conditions. Several factors have been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of the disease, leading to distinctively variable clinical symptoms. The factors which can attenuate or exacerbate allergic reactions can range from genetic heterozygosity, the prominence of various comorbid infections, and other factors such as pollution, climate, and interactions with other organisms and organism-derived products, and the surrounding environment. As a result, the effective prevention and control of allergies remains to be one of the most prominent public health problems. Therefore, to contextualize the current knowledge about allergic reactions, this review paper attempts to synthesize different aspects of an allergic response to describe its significance in the global health scheme. Specifically, the review shall characterize the biomolecular mechanisms of the pathophysiology of the disease based on underlying disease theories and current findings on ecologic interactions and describe prevention and control strategies being utilized. An integrated perspective that considers the underlying genetic, immunologic, and ecologic aspects of the disease would enable the development of more effective and targeted diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for the management and control of allergic diseases.

Structure-based epitope prediction and assessment of cross-reactivity of Myrmecia pilosula venom-specific IgE and recombinant Sol g proteins (Solenopsis geminata)

“…In addition, jack-jumper ant venom proteins may independently stimulate the production of IgE in individuals, each exhibiting distinct antigen epitope recognition on these allergens. Various factors, such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposure, and prior sensitization, can influence an individual's IgE response to allergens 45 . While people may differ in their sensitivity to specific allergens, two or more individuals can share similar levels of IgE recognition for the same allergen.…”

Molecular Foundations of Inflammatory Diseases: Insights into Inflammation and Inflammasomes

“…Inflammatory diseases are characterized by a complex interplay of genetic factors, environmental triggers, and dysregulated immune responses [1][2][3]. In terms of the importance of innate immunity, innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens and foreign bodies [4].…”

IgG from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p)-atopic individuals modulates non-atopic thymic B cell phenotype (alfa-4/beta-7) and cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-9, and IL-10) with direct membrane interaction

“…Atopy can be characterized as an immune state in which individuals can develop IgE-mediated immune responses, commonly referred to as allergies, in reaction to otherwise harmless antigens known as allergens 1 . These reactions can be triggered by various groups of allergens, resulting in a range of clinical symptoms, and they arise due to a complex interplay of immunological, genetic, and environmental factors 2 . House dust mites (HDM) are the predominant source of allergens worldwide 3 and are responsible for clinical symptoms in approximately 50% of asthma patients worldwide 4 .…”