Abstract:BackgroundHypoxic microenvironment is prominent in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, it is unclear whether ESCC becomes hypoxic when it remains in the mucosal layer or as it invades the submucosal layer. We aimed to investigate whether intramucosal (Tis‐T1a) or submucosal invasive (T1b) ESCC becomes hypoxic using endoscopic submucosal dissection samples.MethodsWe evaluated the expression of hypoxia markers including hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α), carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), … Show more
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