Immunohistochemical Studies on the Development of 5-HT (Serotonin) Neurons in the Nuclei of the Reticular Formations of Human Fetuses

Shen, Wen Zen; Luo, Zixiang; Zheng, Da; Yew, David T.

doi:10.1159/000120485

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Serotonin was present from the 10th gestation week in raphe dorsalis nuclei in the brain stem, as has already been suggested 60. Granular vesicles in the neuronal bodies of the locus coeruleus containing catecholamine are present at the 11th gestation week 69.…”

Section: Development Of Neurotransmitters Which Regulate Arousalsupporting

confidence: 65%

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Appearance of fetal pain could be associated with maturation of the mesodiencephalic structures

Sekulić¹,

Gebauer-Bukurov²,

Cvijanović³

et al. 2016

JPR

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Fetal pain remains a controversial subject both in terms of recognizing its existence and the time-frame within which it appears. This article investigates the hypothesis that pain perception during development is not related to any determined structures of the central nervous system (CNS), on the contrary, the process of perception could be made with any structure satisfying conditions that the perception of pain is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. According to this definition, chronic decerebrate and decorticate experimental animals, anencephalic, and hydranencephalic patients demonstrate that the basic, most general, appropriate interaction with the environment can be achieved with a functional mesodiencephalon (brain stem, and diencephalon) as the hierarchically highest structure of the CNS during development. In intact fetuses, this structure shows signs of sufficient maturation starting from the 15th week of gestation. Bearing in mind the dominant role of the reticular formation of the brain stem, which is marked by a wide divergence of afferent information, a sense of pain transmitted through it is diffuse and can dominate the overall perception of the fetus. The threshold for tactile stimuli is lower at earlier stages of gestation. The pain inhibition mechanisms are not sufficiently developed during intrauterine development, which is another factor that leads to increased intensity of pain in the fetus. As a conclusion it could be proposed that the fetus is exposed to rudimentary painful stimuli starting from the 15th gestation week and that it is extremely sensitive to painful stimuli.

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Section: Development Of Neurotransmitters Which Regulate Arousalsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Galanin, another neuropeptide involved in pain attenuation was first detected in spinal cord after the 16th gestation week 59. Serotoninergic neurons were found in the dorsal raphe nucleus at the 10th week of gestation 56,60…”

Section: Development Of Systems Related To Nociception and Pain In Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appearance of fetal pain could be associated with maturation of the mesodiencephalic structures

Sekulić¹,

Gebauer-Bukurov²,

Cvijanović³

et al. 2016

JPR

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“…Finally, although many transmitters have been documented in the human brainstem (Li et al 2007;Lorke et al 2003;Shen et al 1989;Tiu et al 1993;Wai et al 2004;Yew et al 1990Yew et al , 1991Yew et al , 1992Yew et al , 1996Yew et al , 1999cYew and Chan 1999), results have been scattered along the cortex and different nuclei, which has made correlation difficult. For example, it had been documented that many sites in the medulla contained catecholaminergic neurons (Lorke et al 2003) and NPY positive cells (Wai et al 2004), while the midbrain raphe nucleus and reticular formation contained serotonin cells (Shen et al 1989). However, attempting to colocalize specific types of neurons in this study with different transmitters resulted in finding that only the cholinergic neurons have serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, while on the other hand, GABAergic fibers innervated 5-HT2A positive neurons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A positive cells in the brainstems of control age-matched and Alzheimer individuals

Yeung

Kung

Yew

2010

AGE

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Serotonin receptor 1A and 2A positive cells in postmortem brainstems were demonstrated via immunohistochemistry in eight control age-matched elderly individuals and eight Alzheimer patients. The 5-HT1A positive cells were found in substantia nigra, pontile nucleus, and vagal as well as dorsal raphe nucleus, while 5-HT2A receptor positive cells were found in motor, sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei, pontile nucleus, substantia nigra, and nucleus solitarius. A comparison in density of positive cells per unit area was made between control age-matched and Alzheimer individuals. Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) in density were observed in 5-HT1A cells in pontile, dorsal raphe, and vagal nuclei between control age-matched and Alzheimer, and in 5-HT2A positive cells in the sensory trigeminal nucleus, between control and Alzheimer. This de novo study indicated the presence of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor positive cells in the above nuclei of human brainstem and revealed differences in density between control age-matched and Alzheimer, indicating possible functional derangements in Alzheimer patients in these areas. In addition, colocalization studies indicated that 5-HT1A receptors were in cholinergic cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid positive fibers were linked to 5-HT2A receptor positive cells. It is hoped that understanding these two important 5-HT receptors and their localization might lead to advances in future therapeutic development.

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“…By week 15, the typical organization of the serotonergic system into the raphe nuclei is complete. [1][2][3][4][5] Evidence exists to support the role of serotonin in the normal process of sensory cortex formation. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Serotonin depresses or facilitates cortical neuronal activity that is dependent on the type of receptor involved; 12,13 hence it may control gain factors and excitability levels of cortical neurons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Impairment of Brain Serotonergic Transmission in Infants

Manjarrez-Gutiérrez

Cisneros

Herrera

et al. 2005

The Journal of Pediatrics

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Immunohistochemical Studies on the Development of 5-HT (Serotonin) Neurons in the Nuclei of the Reticular Formations of Human Fetuses

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Appearance of fetal pain could be associated with maturation of the mesodiencephalic structures

Appearance of fetal pain could be associated with maturation of the mesodiencephalic structures

Localization of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A positive cells in the brainstems of control age-matched and Alzheimer individuals

Prenatal Impairment of Brain Serotonergic Transmission in Infants

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