Heat shock proteins (Hsp) or the molecular chaperones are observed in most cells of humans, microbes, and in extracellular and intracellular fluids. Hsps plays an essential role under most stress conditions at the cellular and subcellular levels. It presents cytoprotective properties by the modulation of cytokine release and immunity and is involved in various physiological and pathological events. A tight regulation of molecular chaperones monitors the folding/misfolding, internal localization, and proteolytic turnover of proteins. Despite their advantageous effects, Hsps also has disadvantageous role in intensifying the inflammation. They are potential mediators of oncogenesis as they are the key regulators of cellular growth and differentiation. The authors reviewed, an overview of the role of chaperones, with respect to the lesions affecting oral and para-oral structures.