Immunohistochemical distribution of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes in the human vagina: A potential forensic value?

A novel histological technique for distinguishing between epithelial cells in forensic casework

“…To our knowledge there is currently no conclusive test to distinguish between these three cell types. Several previous studies have examined differential carbohydrate and protein expression including the immunohistochemical detection of cytokeratins, estrogen receptors and phosphodiesterases but no unique marker has been identified [4,5]. One of the most promising techniques, first reported in the 1970s, was Lugol's iodine that identified vaginal cells by the presence of glycogen granules [6][7][8].…”

Efficacy of Several Candidate Protein Biomarkers in the Differentiation of Vaginal from Buccal Epithelial Cells*

“…The Lugol’s staining method is no longer regarded as specific for vaginal epithelia as subsequent studies have demonstrated that glycogen‐containing epithelial cells can also be present in oral mucosa and male urethral mucosa (2–4). Previous studies have also investigated the differential expression of protein and carbohydrate markers but no unique marker has yet been identified (5–7). One recent study found that the application of a modified Danes stain showed different staining patterns for skin, buccal, and vaginal cells (8).…”