Immunohistochemical demonstration of alpha-fetoprotein in small hepatocellular carcinoma.

Sato, Kenkichi; Tanaka, Masaya; Kusaba, Taku; Fukuda, Hayato; Tanikawa, K

doi:10.3892/or.5.2.355

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, AFP lacks specificity for yolk sac tumor because AFP positivity has been reported in other types of tumors, such as ovarian serous 47 and clear cell carcinomas, 21 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 48 and hepatocellular carcinoma. 49 In contrast to AFP and PLAP, the results of the current study indicated that SALL4 was strongly positive in >90% of tumor cells in 14 of 15 metastatic yolk sac tumors and strongly positive in 80% of tumor cells in the remaining case (100% sensitivity). It also demonstrated high specificity.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

SALL4 is a novel sensitive and specific marker for metastatic germ cell tumors, with particular utility in detection of metastatic yolk sac tumors

Cao¹,

Humphrey²,

Allan³

2009

Cancer

143

115

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BACKGROUND:The correct diagnosis of metastatic germ cell tumors is critical, because these tumors can be effectively treated and are even cured with modern therapy. Their histopathologic diagnosis can be challenging without immunohistochemical markers, which currently have limitations. SALL4 is a novel stem cell marker essential to maintain pluripotency and self‐renewal of embryonic stem cells. In the current study, the authors investigated the utility of SALL4 as a potential diagnostic marker for metastatic germ cell tumors.METHODS:Ninety metastatic germ cell tumors from testis, ovary, and extragonadal sites were stained with a monoclonal SALL4 antibody. In addition, 170 metastatic nongerm cell malignancies, including 158 carcinomas (6 head and neck, 8 thyroid, 12 lung, 8 breast, 7 hepatocellular, 3 cholangiocarcinomas, 2 ampullary, 10 pancreatic, 18 gastric, 15 esophageal, 10 renal cell, 10 urothelial, 12 prostatic, 18 ovarian, 6 uterine, and 13 colonic) and 12 melanomas, were also stained to test SALL4 specificity.RESULTS:All 22 seminomas, 7 dysgerminomas, 22 embryonal carcinomas, and 14 of 15 yolk sac tumors displayed strong and diffuse SALL positivity in >90% of tumor cells (80% of tumor cells were strongly positive in the remaining yolk sac tumor). Five of 7 choriocarcinomas and 9 of 18 teratomas were also variably positive for SALL4. In contrast, only 10 (esophageal, gastric, and colonic adenocarcinomas) of 170 metastatic somatic tumors demonstrated focally weak SALL4 reactivity (<25% tumor cells).CONCLUSIONS:SALL4 is a novel sensitive and highly specific marker for metastatic germ cell tumors, and is particularly useful for detecting metastatic yolk sac tumors. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

SALL4 is a novel sensitive and specific marker for metastatic germ cell tumors, with particular utility in detection of metastatic yolk sac tumors

Cao¹,

Humphrey²,

Allan³

2009

Cancer

143

115

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“…Various frequencies of AFP-specific CD4 + T cells were recorded in the responder group, which could not be explained by the difference in their clinical data (age, gender, serum AFP level, and the presence of different viral hepatitis) or their T-cell ability to expand in vitro. It is noteworthy that AFP staining can be shown in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with serum AFP level of <20 ng/mL (21). The CD4 + T-cell response was not detected in patients with high levels of serum AFP (>1,000 ng/mL) and the majority of patients with a response were in the early stage of disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Analysis of CD4+ T-Cell Responses to a Novel α-Fetoprotein-Derived Epitope in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients

Alisa

Ives

Pathan

et al. 2005

Clinical Cancer Research

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Purpose: a-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor-associated antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma and is a target for the development of cancer vaccine. Four immunodominant AFP-derived HLA-A*0201-restricted peptides have been identified and the administration of these peptides with an adjuvant has stimulated AFP-specific CTL responses in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. However, no AFP-derived CD4 T-cell epitope has yet been reported and the status of AFP-specific CD4 + T-cell responses in hepatocellular carcinoma patients is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze naturally occurring CD4 + T-cell responses to AFP. Experimental Design: We analyzed the ability of CD4 + T cells to recognize an HLA-DR-restricted AFP-derived epitope in 41 hepatocellular carcinoma patients and 24 nonhepatocellular carcinoma control patients using intracellular cytokine assays for IFN-g. Results: Here, for the first time, we report the identification of an AFP-derived CD4 + T-cell epitope that is recognized by circulating lymphocytes from hepatocellular carcinoma patients in association with HLA-DR. The absence of detectable responses in healthy donors and patients with chronic liver disease suggests that AFP-specific CD4 + T cells in the responder patients had been previously expanded in vivo in response to the tumor. The anti-AFP CD4 + T-cell response was only detected in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with normal or mildly elevated serum AFP levels who were in the early stage of disease. Conclusion: Our data will be instrumental in the development of cancer vaccine using AFP-derived immunogens.

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“…HCCs usually exhibit a characteristic canalicular staining pattern with pCEA, but the antibody cannot separate malignant, dysplastic or benign hepatocytes (Wee and Nilsson 1997). AFP staining in HCC was only positively correlated with serum AFP titer at autopsy when the plasma levels of AFP was above 5,000 ng/ml (Ogawa et al 1996), and the positive rate of AFP-staining in small HCC tissue was less sensitive in the patients with serum AFP concentration below 20 ng/ml (Sato et al 1998), which restricts its use in clinicopathologic diagnosis. Other antibodies have been widely tested, but these have proved to be less useful or to date they have been the subject of only a limited number of studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel diagnostic marker, p28GANK distinguishes hepatocellular carcinoma from potential mimics

Tan

et al. 2004

J Cancer Res Clin Oncol

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Immunohistochemical demonstration of alpha-fetoprotein in small hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

SALL4 is a novel sensitive and specific marker for metastatic germ cell tumors, with particular utility in detection of metastatic yolk sac tumors

SALL4 is a novel sensitive and specific marker for metastatic germ cell tumors, with particular utility in detection of metastatic yolk sac tumors

Analysis of CD4+ T-Cell Responses to a Novel α-Fetoprotein-Derived Epitope in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients

A novel diagnostic marker, p28GANK distinguishes hepatocellular carcinoma from potential mimics

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