Immunohistochemical analysis of oral cancer tissue images using support vector machine

The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence in Detection of Oral Cancer

“…Seventeen studies were from various countries, with India accounting for 9 of them. 7 , 8 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 Three studies 27 , 28 , 29 were conducted in the United States, 2 30 , 31 were performed in China, and the other studies were carried out in Germany, 32 Taiwan, 33 and Jordan. 34 …”

“…All the selected studies were clinical trials. Nine were case-control studies, 7 , 8 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 34 7 were comparative studies, 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 31 and only one was a retrospective study, 30 with several of them employing various statistical procedures for a range of AI technologies.…”

“…Nonetheless, in terms of frequency of use, deep learning (convolutional neural network [CNN]) was used in 11 studies, 7 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 whilst 6 studies used machine learning. 8 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 The most frequently used subtype of the supervised machine learning approach is the support vector machine, which was used in 4 studies. 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 Three studies used smartphone applications, 14 , 21 , 31 all of which used deep learning techniques.…”

“…Welikala et al divided the samples into 5 categories: no lesion, no referral needed, refer for other reasons, refer- low risk of potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), and refer cancer high-risk OPMD. 7 Other studies 22 , 27 categorised samples as positive or negative based on staining intensity.…”

“… Compared to on-site specialists, the remote specialist was able to diagnose patients correctly with the help of the proposed device with high value and performance. 5 Song et al 22 India No. of patients = 12 No.…”