Immunohistochemical Analysis of Neurotransmitters in Neurosecretory Protein GL-Producing Neurons of the Mouse Hypothalamus

Naito, Manabu; Moriwaki, Shogo; Narimatsu, Yuki; Kato, Masaki; Furumitsu, Megumi; Miyamoto, Yuta; Esumi, Shigeyuki; Ukena, Kazuyoshi

doi:10.3390/biomedicines10020454

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 55 publications

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“…The loss of stress resilience and the functional impairment of mitochondria have been linked to neuropsychiatric symptoms comorbidities of neurological diseases such as AD, PD, HD, ALS, FA, and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease [ 166 , 167 , 168 ]. Preclinical animal research plays a major role in revealing the involvement of endogenous peptides, neurohormones, and metabolites including KYNs [ 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 ].…”

Section: Diseases Linked To Mitochondrial Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Impairment: A Common Motif in Neuropsychiatric Presentation? The Link to the Tryptophan–Kynurenine Metabolic System

Tanaka

Szabó

Spekker

et al. 2022

Cells

119

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Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance of human chloramphenicol resistance. The inheritance was then revealed to take place maternally by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Later, a number of mutations in mtDNA were identified as a cause of severe inheritable metabolic diseases with neurological manifestation, and the impairment of mitochondrial functions has been probed in the pathogenesis of a wide range of illnesses including neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, a growing number of preclinical studies have revealed that animal behaviors are influenced by the impairment of mitochondrial functions and possibly by the loss of mitochondrial stress resilience. Indeed, as high as 54% of patients with one of the most common primary mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, present psychiatric symptoms including cognitive impairment, mood disorder, anxiety, and psychosis. Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles which produce cellular energy and play a major role in other cellular functions including homeostasis, cellular signaling, and gene expression, among others. Mitochondrial functions are observed to be compromised and to become less resilient under continuous stress. Meanwhile, stress and inflammation have been linked to the activation of the tryptophan (Trp)–kynurenine (KYN) metabolic system, which observably contributes to the development of pathological conditions including neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review discusses the functions of mitochondria and the Trp-KYN system, the interaction of the Trp-KYN system with mitochondria, and the current understanding of the involvement of mitochondria and the Trp-KYN system in preclinical and clinical studies of major neurological and psychiatric diseases.

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