Immunogold localization of an extracellular β-1,3-glucanase of the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea during infection of rye

Tenberge, Klaus B.; Brockmann, B.; Tudzynski, Paul

doi:10.1017/s095375629800820x

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…We found that secreted fungal molecules reached the plasmalemma and labelled vesicles turned up within the host cytoplasm. Many fungal molecules, such as oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, and peptides, are known to be secreted during infection by plant pathogens (Tenberge et al 1999). They are targeted to specific high-affinity binding sites of host plant membranes (Hahn 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed-transmitted beneficial endophytic Stagonospora sp. can penetrate the walls of the root epidermis, but does not proliferate in the cortex, of Phragmites australis

Gao

Mendgen

2006

Can. J. Bot.

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Stagonospora sp. (4/99-1) is a beneficial endophytic fungus frequently transmitted by seeds of Phragmites australis [Cav.] Trin. ex Steudel. Here we show that this fungus also penetrates the root epidermis. At first, hyphae were attracted by the root and proliferated on the root surface, preferably over the anticlinal walls. Penetration occurred directly by undifferentiated hyphae or was facilitated by hyphopodia. Hyphal growth within the root was restricted to the walls of epidermal cells and the walls of the cells of the outermost cortical layer. Deeper growth by the fungus elicited wall appositions and ingress into the cytoplasm of cortical cells was blocked by papillae. In the rare cases, the fungus managed to penetrate into cortical cells, these reacted with necrosis. Immunological studies suggested that fungal material reached the host plasmalemma and may have been taken up by endocytotic events. Our observations explain the endophytic lifestyle of hyphae close to the epidermis and the restricted development within the cortex.Key words: Stagonospora, Phragmites australis, infection, root cortex, root epidermis.Résumé : Le Stagonospora sp. (4/99-1) est un champignon endophyte bénéfique, très souvent transmis par les semences du Phragmitis australis [Cav.] Trin. ex Steudel. On démontre ici que ce champignon pénètre également l'épiderme racinaire. Au départ, les hyphes sont attirées par la racine et prolifèrent sur la surface racinaire, préférablement sur les parois anticlines. La pénétration s'effectue directement par des hyphes indifférenciées, ou est facilitée par un hyphopode. La croissance de l'hyphe dans la racine est limitée aux parois des cellules épidermiques et de la couche corticale la plus externe. Une croissance plus en profondeur du champignon élicite des appositions pariétales et la pénétration dans le cytoplasme des cellules corticales est bloquée par des papilles. Dans les rares cas où le champignon s'est infiltré jusque dans les cellules corticales, celles-ci ont réagi avec une nécrose. Des essais immunologiques suggèrent que le matériel fongique atteint la plasmalemme de l'hôte, et pourrait été impliqué dans des évènement endocytotiques. Ces observations expliquent le mode de vie endophyte des hyphes à proximité de l'épiderme et le développement restreint dans le cortex.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed-transmitted beneficial endophytic Stagonospora sp. can penetrate the walls of the root epidermis, but does not proliferate in the cortex, of Phragmites australis

Gao

Mendgen

2006

Can. J. Bot.

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“…This fact is relevant here because the highly vacuolated cells of aspen roots were able to mount a strong defense response against C. radicicola. In pathogenic interactions elicitors of plant defense reactions are targeted to specific, high-affinity binding sites of host membranes (Haln 1996, Tenberge et al 1999, Garcia-Brugger et al 2006. Elicitor(s) appear to be involved in the aspen-C. radicicola hostendophyte interaction because a cascade of defense responses occurred in host epidermal cells in response to physical contact of hyphae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endomembrane system of aspen root cells plays a key role in defense against a common fungal root endophyte,Cryptosporiopsis radicicola

Tsuneda¹,

Wang

Tsuneda

et al. 2009

Mycologia

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The host-endophyte interaction between roots of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and Cryptosporiopsis radicicola was examined primarily by transmission electron microscopy. Hyphae growing on the exterior of the inoculated roots had a thick, electron-dense, adhesive sheath. At hyphal contact and penetration, host epidermal cells exhibited a series of defense responses (viz. formation of papillae and partition walls, general wall thickening and walling-off of internal hyphae). In papilla formation, loop-shaped, rough endoplasmic reticula (rER) gave rise to globose secretory vesicles that accumulated around and then fused to the developing papilla. Unlike papillae, general wall thickening was associated with the Golgi apparatus (GA) that produced cell wall materials; 1-3 layers of Golgi cisternae were in contact with or in the immediate proximity (mostly within 0-0.5 microm) of and lying parallel to the host cell wall, where they budded out numerous subglobose vesicles that fused directly to the host cell wall and made it thicker. Partition wall formation and walling-off of internal hyphae also were common; the former was associated with an extended single cisterna, which was indistinguishable from rER or individual cisternae of GA, and in the latter phenomenon internal hyphae were encased by electron-dense material containing numerous ribosomes and membranous elements that were derived apparently from proliferated rER. These pronounced defense responses protected the stele and contributed to making C. radicicola endophytic rather than pathogenic.

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“…This result indicated that 1,3-glucanase of Ggt may be implicated in degrading callose in lignitubers. However, the cell wall pore size of higher plant estimated to be 4 nm and it is relatively small compared with the macro-1,3-glucanase complex secreted by Ggt (Carpita and Gibeaut 1993;Tenberge et al 1999). If GluGgt does participate in degrading callose in papillae or lignitubers, how does this 1,3-glucanase complex get to the callose deposition sites?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, there has been increasing interest in 1,3-b-glucanases which are implicated in plant-pathogen interaction (Tenberge et al 1999;Kang and Buchenauer 2002;Tonon et al 2002;Zhen and Li 2004), but there are very few reports with regard to the role of the 1,3-b-glucanases of pathogen origin. The filamentous fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.)…”

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confidence: 99%

Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular β-1,3-glucanase complex (GluGgt) secreted by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

Kang

Buchenauer

et al. 2009

World J Microbiol Biotechnol

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b-1,3-Glucanases produced by the take-all disease pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) have been suggested to be implicated in infection and colonization process of the pathogen in wheat. For further studying the role of these enzymes in pathogenesis by cytochemical technique, an extracellular b-1,3-glucanase complex (GluGgt), was purified from culture filtrate of Ggt by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation, hydrophobic-interaction, anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The complex consisted of two interconvertible isoforms (Ia and Ib), both active proteins Ia and Ib appeared to be glycosylated in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The pI of the active proteins Ia and Ib determined by IEF-PAGE were 6.3 and 6.4, respectively. GluGgt yielded two subunits with molecular masses of 66.2 and 56.0 kDa, respectively, in 15% SDS-PAGE. The complex had a pH optimum of 5.0 and the optimal temperature was 50°C. The enzyme complex proved to be stable at a temperature up to 60°C and retained an optimal high activity in the pH range from 4.0 to 7.0. Enzyme activity of GluGgt was obviously stimulated by Mn 2? ions and moderately inhibited in the presence of Hg 2? and Co 2? ions and KMnO 4 . The K m of GluGgt was estimated to be 1.08 mg ml -1 for laminarin as substrate and the V max 0.20 lmol min -1 .

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Immunogold localization of an extracellular β-1,3-glucanase of the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea during infection of rye

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Seed-transmitted beneficial endophytic Stagonospora sp. can penetrate the walls of the root epidermis, but does not proliferate in the cortex, of Phragmites australis

Seed-transmitted beneficial endophytic Stagonospora sp. can penetrate the walls of the root epidermis, but does not proliferate in the cortex, of Phragmites australis

Endomembrane system of aspen root cells plays a key role in defense against a common fungal root endophyte,Cryptosporiopsis radicicola

Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular β-1,3-glucanase complex (GluGgt) secreted by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

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