The recognition of phosphatidylserine on the erythrocyte membrane mediates erythrophagocytosis by resident spleen macrophages. The application of phosphatidylserine to a gene vector may be a novel approach for splenic drug delivery. Therefore, we chose 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serin (DOPS) as an analogue of phosphatidylserine for splenic gene delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA). In the present study, we successfully prepared a stable pDNA ternary complex using DOPS and polyethyleneimine (PEI) and evaluated its efficacy and safety. The pDNA/PEI complex had a positive charge and showed high transgene efficacy, although it caused cytotoxicity and agglutination. The addition of DOPS changed the ζ-potential of the pDNA/PEI complex to negative. It is known that anionic complexes are not taken up well by cells. Surprisingly, however, the pDNA/PEI/DOPS complex showed relatively high transgene efficacy in vitro. Fluorescence microscope observation revealed that the pDNA/PEI/DOPS complex internalized the cells while maintaining the complex formation. The injection of the pDNA/PEI complex killed most mice within 24 h at high doses, although all mice in the pDNA/PEI/DOPS complex group survived. The ternary complex with DOPS showed markedly better safety compared with the pDNA/PEI complex. The pDNA/PEI/DOPS complex showed high gene expression selectively in the spleen after intravenous injection into mice. Thus the ternary complex with DOPS can be used to deliver pDNA to the spleen, in which immune cells are abundant. It appears to have an excellent safety level, although further study to determine the mechanism of action is necessary.Key words gene delivery; spleen; 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospo-L-serin; plasmid DNA; ternary complexIn gene delivery, non-viral vectors, including cationic polymers, have several advantages, e.g., they are non-immunogenic; cause few acute toxicities; and their structural and chemical properties can be tightly controlled, which allows vehicles that are suitable for mass production to be designed.1,2) Among non-viral gene vectors, polyethylenimine (PEI) is a popular cationic polymer and show high gene expression in in vitro and in vivo, because of specific mechanisms such as binding to the cell surface, being taken up by the endocytotic pathway, and release of plasmid DNA (pDNA) from endosomes via the so-called "proton sponge mechanism." On the other hand, PEI caused nonspecific gene expressions, high cytotoxicity, and aggregation with blood components because of their strong cationic charge. Recharging cationic complex with anionic compound was reported to be a promising method for overcoming these toxicities.Phosphatidylserine is a biocompatible phospholipid that has a negative charge at biological pH and is a component of the cellular membrane. In normal cells, phosphatidylserines are restricted in the inner leaflet of the cellular membrane by the function of ATP-dependent transporters. [3][4][5] In contrast, in apoptotic cells or aging erythrocytes, phosphatidylserines exposed on the...