Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Non-Living Anthrax Vaccine versus a Live Spore Vaccine with Simultaneous Penicillin-G Treatment in Cattle

Abstract

: Sterne live spore vaccine (SLSV) is the current veterinary anthrax vaccine of choice. Unlike the non-living anthrax vaccine (NLAV) prototype, SLSV is incompatible with concurrent antibiotics use in an anthrax outbreak scenario. The NLAV candidates used in this study include a crude recombinant protective antigen (CrPA) and a purified recombinant protective antigen (PrPA) complemented by formalin-inactivated spores and Emulsigen-D®/Alhydrogel® adjuvants. Cattle were vaccinated twice (week 0 and 3) with NLAVs plus penicillin-G (Pen-G) treatment and compared to cattle vaccinated twice with SLSV alone and with Pen-G treatment. The immunogenicity was assessed using ELISA against rPA and FIS, toxin neutralisation assay (TNA) and opsonophagocytic assay. The protection was evaluated using an in vivo passive immunisation mouse model. The anti-rPA IgG titres for NLAVs plus Pen-G and SLSV without Pen-G treatment showed a significant increase, whereas the titres for SLSV plus Pen-G were insignificant compared to pre-vaccination values. A similar trend was measured for IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 and TNA titres (NT50) showed similar trends to anti-rPA titres across all vaccine groups. The anti-FIS IgG and IgM titres increased significantly for all vaccination groups at week 3 and 5 when compared to week 0. The spore opsonising capacity increased significantly in the NLAV vaccinated groups including Pen-G treatment and the SLSV without Pen-G but much less in the SLSV group with Pen-G treatment. Passive immunization of A/J mice challenged with a lethal dose of 34F2 spores indicated significant protective capacity of antibodies raised in the SLSV and the PrPA + FIS + adjuvants vaccinated and Pen-G treated groups but not for the NLAV with the CrPA + FIS + adjuvants and the SLSV vaccinated and Pen-G treated group. Our findings indicate that the PrPA + FIS + Emulsigen-D®/Alhydrogel® vaccine candidate may provide the same level of antibody responses and protective capacity as the SLSV. Advantageously, it can be used concurrently with Penicillin-G in an outbreak situation and as prophylactic treatment in feedlots and valuable breeding stocks.

Fractional Order Model of Dynamical Behavior and Qualitative Analysis of Anthrax with infected Vector and Saturation

“…For vectors in the red zone as well as other vectors around the nation, ring vaccination is recommended. Research has indicated that immunization with either the non-living anthrax vaccine prototypes or the Sterne live anthrax spore vaccine, which is a non-pathogenic, nonencapsulated strain of Bacillus anthracis, has produced an immune response to the disease [31]. Health commisions must warn that simultaneous antibiotic treatment might significantly reduce the efficiency of the live-attenuated vaccine because animal producers may out of fear give antibiotics to animals in order to avoid anthrax.…”

ANTHRAX: LIFE CYCLE, MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS AND PROSPECTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VETERINARY VACCINES (review)

“…Показано, что титры антител и протективность у двух вакцин были одинаковы. Однако доказано, что в отличие от вакцины Sterne, кандидатная вакцина была высокоэффективна при одновременном использовании с антибиотиками (117).…”