Immunogen-Specific Strengths and Limitations of the Activation-Induced Marker Assay for Assessing Murine Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses

Abstract

The activation-induced marker (AIM) assay is a cytokine-independent technique to identify Ag-specific T cells based on the upregulated expression of activation markers after Ag restimulation. The method offers an alternative to intracellular cytokine staining in immunological studies, in which limited cytokine production makes the cell subsets of interest difficult to detect. Studies of lymphocytes in human and nonhuman primates have used the AIM assay to detect Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, there is a lack of validation of the strengths and limitations of the assay in murine (Mus musculus) models of infection and vaccination. In this study, we analyzed immune responses of TCR-transgenic CD4+ T cells, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus–specific SMARTA, OVA-specific OT-II, and diabetogenic BDC2.5-transgenic T cells, and measured the ability of the AIM assay to effectively identify these cells to upregulate AIM markers OX40 and CD25 following culture with cognate Ag. Our findings indicate that the AIM assay is effective for identifying the relative frequency of protein immunization–induced effector and memory CD4+ T cells, whereas the AIM assay had reduced ability to identify specific cells induced by viral infection, particularly during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Evaluation of polyclonal CD4+ T cell responses to acute viral infection demonstrated that the AIM assay can detect a proportion of both high- and low-affinity cells. Together, our findings indicate that the AIM assay can be an effective tool for relative quantification of murine Ag-specific CD4+ T cells to protein vaccination, while demonstrating its limitations during conditions of acute and chronic infection.

A broadly applicable protein-polymer adjuvant system for antiviral vaccines

“…They secrete cytokines IL-21 and IL-4, which work together with the co-stimulatory molecule CD40L to provide the signals required for B cell proliferation and differentiation (Crotty, 2015 ; Streeck et al, 2013 ). Cytokine-independent activation-induced marker (AIM) assay has been developed for antigen-specific GC Tfh cells in lymphoid tissue (Dan et al, 2016 ; Nguyen et al, 2023 ; Reiss et al, 2017 ). Our results showed that HA@PPCDQ induced a higher frequency of GC Tfh (CXCR5 + PD1 + ) and HA-specific GC Tfh (CD25 + OX40 + ) cells (Fig.…”