Immunoendocrine responses of male spinal cord injured athletes to 1-hour self-paced exercise: Pilot study

Allgrove, Judith; Chapman, Mark L.; Christides, Tatiana; Smith, Paul M.

doi:10.1682/jrrd.2011.06.0105

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The higher levels found in sAA enzymatic activity and concentration without any correction after situation 1 corroborated previous reports and would confirm that physical exercise produces increases in sAA [3,14]. Although there are previous reports published in which it is assumed that a significant increase of sAA in a physical stress using two times (before and after the stress) is as a result of a stress response [26–29], ideally studies with at least three measurement points (baseline, peak, recovery) should be performed to confirm the sAA increases. In addition, our results of sAA enzymatic activity in the two academic situations confirmed expectations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Influence of the way of reporting alpha-Amylase values in saliva in different naturalistic situations: A pilot study

Contreras-Aguilar¹,

Escribano²,

Martı́nez-Subiela³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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The objective of this pilot study was to compare the different ways of measuring salivary alpha-amylase (sAA, enzymatic vs. concentration) and to evaluate the influence that the different ways of reporting the results can have in sAA interpretation. For this purpose, sAA was measured by direct quantification and also by an enzymatic assay in three different naturalistic situations, a physical stressor (situation 1) and two mental stressors of different intensity (situations 2 and 3). The results were expressed in three different ways (without correction, multiplied by flow rate and divided by protein concentration). sAA concentration and activity increased just after situations 1 and 3. When values were multiplied by the flow rate, significant changes after situation 1 were detected only for sAA activity but not for sAA concentration, being these changes of lower significance and magnitude that those observed for sAA activity without any correction. In addition, a significant increase in sAA activity was found at T+15 in situation 2. In situation 3 the significant decrease in sAA at T+15 disappeared. When values were divided by protein concentration, there were no significant changes in situations 1 or 3, but a decrease in situation 2 at T+0 and an increase at T+15. sAA activity and concentration showed a significant correlation in all situations. This pilot study points out that the way of expressing sAA can influence the results obtained in different stress models and also their interpretation. Therefore, how sAA is reported and the factors involved in the different ways of expressing sAA, should be taken into consideration for an objective interpretation of sAA values.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Influence of the way of reporting alpha-Amylase values in saliva in different naturalistic situations: A pilot study

Contreras-Aguilar¹,

Escribano²,

Martı́nez-Subiela³

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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show abstract

“…Salivary α-amylase activity increased during the exercise and reached the greatest level following the highest completed stage achieved by each participant (15). Allgrove et al (16) examined responses in male athletes with spinal cord damage. Salivary α-amylase activity increased from 158±47 to 281±72 U/ml (SEM) following 1 h of self-paced handcycling time trials in nine physically active male wheelchair athletes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yamaguchi et al (18) identified that levels of salivary α-amylase activity in 10 male university students (age 22.2±0.5 years) during a 20 min walk, in forest and urban environments, did not change. With the exception of light gymnastics for the elderly (17) and relaxed walking (18), physical exercise appears to increase salivary α-amylase activity and concentration (14–16). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise upregulates salivary amylase in humans (Review)

Koibuchi

Suzuki

2014

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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The secretion of salivary α-amylase is influenced by adrenergic regulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; thus, exercise affects the levels of salivary α-amylase. Granger et al published a review in 2007 that focused attention on salivary α-amylase. In addition, a portable system for monitoring salivary α-amylase activity was launched in Japan at the end of 2005. The correlation between exercise and salivary α-amylase has since been extensively investigated. The present review summarizes relevant studies published in the English and Japanese literature after 2006. A search of the PubMed and CiNii databases identified 54 articles, from which 15 original articles were selected. The findings described in these publications indicate that exercise consistently increases mean salivary α-amylase activities and concentrations, particularly at an intensity of >70% VO2max in healthy young individuals. Thus, these studies have confirmed that salivary α-amylase levels markedly increase in response to physical stress. Salivary α-amylase levels may therefore serve as an effective indicator in the non-invasive assessment of physical stress.

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“…This is an important issue should previous findings around mucosal immunity that were predominantly derived from lower body exercise modalities (Bishop et al 2000 ; Reid et al 2001 ; Sari-Sarraf et al 2006 , 2007 ; Davison 2011 ) be applied to individuals restricted to upper body exercise modalities. It is worth noting that whilst some studies have investigated acute mucosal immune responses for upper body exercise modalities (Leicht et al 2011 ; Allgrove et al 2012 ), we are not aware of studies comparing upper and lower body exercise modalities. With the caveat that exercise did not significantly alter markers of mucosal immunity in the present study, it is worth pointing out that there was also no difference in any salivary markers between exercise modalities (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise intensity and its impact on relationships between salivary immunoglobulin A, saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentration

2018

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IntroductionSalivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentrations have been shown to be influenced by exercise, particularly the intensity exercise is performed at, and circadian variation. The autonomic nervous system partly regulates salivary secretion, but it is not yet known whether cortisol also explains some variation in salivary parameters.MethodsTwelve moderately trained male individuals (peak legs: 46.2 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials in the morning: arm cranking exercise at 60%peak arms; moderate cycling at 60%peak legs; and easy cycling at 60%peak arms. Timed saliva samples and blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration determination were obtained before, post, 2 h post, and 4 h post-exercise. Saliva was collected in an additional resting trial at the same time points.ResultsAt each time point for each exercise trial, negative correlations between cortisol and saliva flow rate (explaining 25 ± 17% of the variance, R2 = 0.002–0.46) and positive correlations between cortisol and sIgA concentration (explaining 8 ± 8% of the variance R2 = 0.002–0.24) were found. Saliva flow rate increased over time, whereas sIgA concentration and cortisol decreased over time for all trials (P < 0.05), there was no effect of time for sIgA secretion rate (P = 0.16).ConclusionThese results show a relationship between cortisol and saliva flow rate, which directly impacts on the concentration of salivary analytes. This study further confirms circadian variations in salivary parameters which must be acknowledged when standardising salivary data collection.

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Immunoendocrine responses of male spinal cord injured athletes to 1-hour self-paced exercise: Pilot study

Cited by 7 publications

References 45 publications

Influence of the way of reporting alpha-Amylase values in saliva in different naturalistic situations: A pilot study

Influence of the way of reporting alpha-Amylase values in saliva in different naturalistic situations: A pilot study

Exercise upregulates salivary amylase in humans (Review)

Exercise intensity and its impact on relationships between salivary immunoglobulin A, saliva flow rate and plasma cortisol concentration

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