Immunocytochemical localization of cholinergic amacrine cells in the bat retina

Park, Eun-Bee; Gu, Ya-Nan; Jeon, Chang‐Jin

doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2017.04.009

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Some of these ‘outer’ ChAT cells are calbindin‐positive (like ON conventionally placed ChAT cells) and others are not, suggesting a heterogeneous composition of the outer ChAT cells. So far, outer ChAT cells have been discovered also in the adult Macaque retina (Rodieck & Marshak, ), C57/B6 mice (Kang et al, ) and bats (Park et al, ), indicating that this population is not unique to humans, but it is uncommon across species. It remains to be determined whether the outer ChAT cells are those ChAT cells that failed to migrate to their respective ON and OFF layers, or whether these cells have a specific function in the adult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The goat polyclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase recognizes a 68-70 kDa band in Western blot on mouse brain lysates (manufacturer's data sheet). This antibody has been applied to label cholinergic amacrine cells in the retina across species (Cuenca et al, 2003;Galli-Resta et al, 2000;Kim et al, 2000;Park et al, 2017;Reese et al, 2001;Whitney et al, 2008).…”

Section: Antibody Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All vertebrate retinas possess five major neuronal cell classes, each class comprising several cell types with their cell bodies and synaptic connections arranged in structurally and functionally discrete layers. Retinal cholinergic amacrine cells, in particular, exist in all vertebrates studied thus far; these cells are identified by their expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and their characteristic ‘mirror’ populations with somata on either side of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) (Brandon, ; Cuenca, Deng, Linberg, Fisher, & Kolb, 2003; Deng et al, ; Galli‐Resta, Novelli, Volpini, & Strettoi, ; Guiloff & Kolb, ; Hutchins & Hollyfield, ; Millar et al, ; Moritoh, Komatsu, Yamamori, & Koizumi, 2013; Park, Gu, & Jeon, ; Reese, Raven, Giannotti, & Johnson, ; Rodieck, ; Sandmann, Engelmann, & Peichl, ; Schmidt, Wassle, & Humphrey, ; Vaney, ; Voigt, ; Zhang & Wu, ). Across species, ChAT amacrine cells with cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) depolarize (i.e., are ON) in response to light, whereas those with cell bodies residing in the inner nuclear layer (INL) hyperpolarize (i.e., are OFF).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of ON and OFF cholinergic amacrine cells in the human fetal retina

Zhang

Hoshino

et al. 2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expressing retinal amacrine cells are present across vertebrates. These interneurons play important roles in the development of retinal projections to the brain and in motion detection, specifically in generating direction-selective responses to moving stimuli. ChAT amacrine cells typically comprise two spatially segregated populations that form circuits in the 'ON' or 'OFF' synaptic layers of the inner retina. This stereotypic arrangement is also found across the adult human retina, with the notable exception that ChAT expression is evident in the ON but not OFF layer of the fovea, a region specialized for high-acuity vision. We thus investigated whether the human fovea exhibits a developmental path for ON and OFF ChAT cells that is retinal location-specific. Our analysis shows that at each retinal location, human ON and OFF ChAT cells differentiate, form their separate synaptic layers, and establish non-random mosaics at about the same time. However, unlike in the adult fovea, ChAT immunostaining is initially robust in both ON and OFF populations, up until at least mid-gestation. ChAT expression in the OFF layer in the fovea is therefore significantly reduced after mid-gestation. OFF ChAT cells in the human fovea and in the retinal periphery thus follow distinct maturational paths.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Antibody Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of ON and OFF cholinergic amacrine cells in the human fetal retina

Zhang

Hoshino

et al. 2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…It was discovered, however, that many microbats also depend on visual information for perception, predatism, and self-defense [ 3 , 27 , 69 , 72 , 75 , 76 ]. Several studies have demonstrated the existence of photoreceptors, rod and cone bipolar cells, and subtypes of amacrine and retinal ganglion cells, in microbats [ 10 , 17 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 54 , 55 , 59 , 62 ], suggesting that the microbat might have functional organization for its visual system. The microbat visual cortex has also been used to study the cytoarchitecture of calcium-binding protein-containing neuronal populations [ 22 , 41 ], and nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously reported the organization of the cholinergic system in the microbat central visual system, including the retina [ 59 ] and superior colliculus [ 38 ]. However, the distribution and morphology of cholinergic fibers have not been investigated in the microbat visual cortex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemical Localization of Choline Acetyltransferase in the Microbat Visual Cortex

Kim

2018

Acta Histochem. Cytochem

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the organization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers in the visual cortex of the microbat, using standard immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. ChAT-IR fibers were distributed throughout all layers of the visual cortex, with the highest density in layer III and the lowest density in layer I. However, no ChAT-IR cells were found in the microbat visual cortex. ChAT-IR fibers were classified into two types: small and large varicose fibers. Previously identified sources of cholinergic fibers in the mammalian visual cortex, the nucleus of the diagonal band, the substantia innominata, and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis, all contained strongly labeled ChAT-IR cells in the microbat. The average diameter of ChAT-IR cells in the nucleus of the diagonal band, the substantia innominata, and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis was 16.12 μm, 13.37 μm, and 13.90 μm, respectively. Our double-labeling study with ChAT and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and triple labeling with ChAT, GABA, and post synaptic density 95 (PSD-95), suggest that some ChAT-IR fibers make contact with GABAergic cells in the microbat visual cortex. Our results should provide a better understanding of the nocturnal bat visual system.

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