Immunochemical determination of xenobiotics with endocrine disrupting effects

Abstract

This paper is a review with more than 100 references discussing the immunochemical methods reported in the literature for the most important man-made chemicals with suspected endocrine disrupting activity. Details regarding immunizing hapten design, antibody production, and the features (limit of detection, dynamic range, specificity) of the most important immunochemical methods developed (ELISA, FIIA, immunosorbents, immunosensors, etc.) are presented for important environmental pollutants such as bisphenol A, phthalates, alkylphenol polyethoxylates, alkylphenols, polychlorinated biphenyl compounds, and dioxins. Availability of commercial reagents and methods is reported.

Development of sensitive direct and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for monitoring bisphenol-A in canned foods and beverages

“…Therefore, the specificity of the antibody and of the ELISA was determined by the crossreactivity studies with 11 structural analogues of BPA including the degradation products: PP, 4-CP, diOH-BP, hexestrol, DES, BPF, BPS, 4,4′-thiodiphenol, BPA-butyrate, BPA-valerate, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ( Table 2). The cross-reactivity of the assays for all of the tested analogues was much lower than the published work [20][21][22]24], in particular, the cross-reactivity of 4-CP. The direct format displayed higher cross-reactivity than the indirect format.…”

“…The most sensitive assay was based on Ab∝BPA-V2#4 and BPA-acetate-BSA in an indirect format with an IC 50 of 0.78± 0.01 μg L −1 , and a LOD of 0.10±0.03 μg L −1 for BPA. The sensitivity was higher than most of the previous studies [20][21][22][23][24]. Additionally, all three selected assays were optimized to quantify BPA residues in three food and beverage sample types.…”

“…The degree of crossreactivity for each cross-reacting compound can be influenced by the assay format, assay conditions and competing hapten used, and relative concentrations of an antibody and a conjugate in an assay [20,25,31], and this was also evident from this study, e.g., 4-CP. Thus cross-reactivity of an immunoassay could be manipulated to some degree by assay format and assay conditions.…”

“…The most frequently used methods for monitoring BPA are gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography [15][16][17][18][19]. These techniques are highly sensitive and specific; however, most of them are cumbersome, expensive, and require extensive sample preparation and clean-up procedures prior to analysis [20]. Contrarily, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) offer many advantages that can complement instrumental analysis.…”

Development of a Competitive ELISA for the Detection of 4-tert-Octylphenol in Seafood

“…The traditional methods for analyzing 4-tert-OP in food samples are high-performance liquid chromatography (Zhou et al 2011) and gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS) (Estévez-Alberola and Marco 2004;Chen et al 2012;Rocha et al 2013). Despite the high sensitivity and accuracy of these methods, which are well-suited for such trace and multiresidue analyses, they are limited by high operating costs, the requirement of highly trained operators, and being relatively time consuming in terms of sample preparation.…”