Immunobiology and immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies

Expression of Class III Beta-tubulin Predicts Prognosis in Patients with Cisplatin-resistant Bladder Cancer Receiving Paclitaxel-based Second-line Chemotherapy

“…However, there are several reports that paclitaxel-based chemotherapy has had some effectiveness in terms of improvement of quality of life and prognosis in patients with cisplatin-resistant UC (18,23). In recent years, immune-checkpoint inhibitors have been reported as a novel treatment modality for patients with advanced UC, including platinum-treated advanced UC (21,22). Many investigators and urologists have a great hope of increasing survival with these new agents in patients with advanced and cisplatinresistant UC; however, more careful evaluation of costeffectiveness, useful biomarkers, and safety are essential for standardization (21).…”

“…Although no second-line regimen for cisplatin-resistant UC hast yet been established, several clinical studies have demonstrated that paclitaxel-based chemotherapy is useful for improving the quality of life and prognosis in patients with cisplatin-resistant UC (18)(19)(20). In recent years, the efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitors was reported in patients with advanced UC (21,22). There is general agreement that this new tool is an epoch-changing therapeutic strategy for these patients.…”

Management and Supportive Care of Patients Undergoing Immunotherapy

“…If symptoms are ongoing for more than one week, there should be an immediate commencement of oral corticosteroid therapy at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. When symptoms are resolved, the immunotherapy drug can be recommenced [4,6,13,15,24].…”

“…Monoclonal antibodies that are currently registered include the following: anti-PD-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab), and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (ipilimumab) [5,6].…”

Myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation in renal cell carcinoma is correlated with CCL2, IL-17 and IL-18 expression in blood and tumors

“…3% of adult malignancies, with close to 64,000 new cases diagnosed every year and with a consistent increase in the incidence rate. 1 It is well-known that tumor-mediated immunosuppression of the microenvironment and immune evasion contribute to decreased clinical efficacy of immune and targeted therapy. 2,3 Various cell types are involved in tumor-mediated immune suppression, such as regulatory T cells (T reg ), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC).…”