Immuno Nanosensor for the Ultrasensitive Naked Eye Detection of Tuberculosis

Abstract

In the present study, a beneficial approach for the ultrasensitive and affordable naked eye detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) by utilizing plasmonic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) via antibody-antigen interaction was studied. Here, the biocatalytic cycle of the intracellular enzymes links to the formation and successive growth of the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for ultrasensitive detection. The formation of different colored solutions by the plasmonic nanoparticles in the presence of enzyme labels links directly to the existence or non-existence of the TB analytes in the sample solutions. For disease detection, the adapted protocol is based mainly on the conventional ELISA procedure that involves catalase-labeled antibodies, i.e., the enzymes consume hydrogen peroxide and further produce GNPs with the addition of gold (III) chloride. The amount of hydrogen peroxide remaining in the solution determines whether the GNPs solution is to be formed in the color blue or the color red, as it serves as a confirmation for the naked eye detection of TB analytes. However, the conventional ELISA method only shows tonal colors that need a high concentration of analyte to achieve high confidence levels for naked eye detection. Also, in this research, we proposed the incorporation of protein biomarker, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6-like protein esxB (CFP-10), as a means of TB detection using plasmonic ELISA. With the use of this technique, the CFP-10 detection limit can be lowered to 0.01 µg/mL by the naked eye. Further, our developed technique was successfully tested and confirmed with sputum samples from patients diagnosed with positive TB, thereby providing enough evidence for the utilization of our technique in the early diagnosis of TB disease.

Plasmonic rK28 ELISA improves the diagnosis of canine Leishmania infection

“…Plasmonic ELISAs have been used to investigate the diagnosis of different diseases, including cancer, HIV and fungal and bacterial infections, using a capture ELISA protocol and have shown several advantages in relation to sensitivity. However, only one report has described a bacterial diagnosis using an indirect ELISA protocol .…”

“…Although pELISA has been used to investigate different diseases, including cancer, HIV and fungal and bacterial infections, its use in diagnosing CanL has not been investigated. Recently, we developed and successfully tested an indirect pELISA on canine sera positive and negative for Leishmania spp.…”

Pathological Test Type and Chemical Detection Using Deep Neural Networks: A Case Study Using ELISA and LFA Assays

“…The pathological test of the Gold Nanoparticles (AuNP) based plasmonic ELISA for TB-antigen specific antibody detection, referred to as the TB-test, is one of the case studies for assay type detection in this paper. The description of the sample preparation for the TB-test is provided in (Abuhassan et al, 2017;Tania et al, 2017;Bakhori et al, 2018). However, the development of biosensor is not the focus of this work.…”

Assay Type Detection Using Advanced Machine Learning Algorithms

“…One is the Gold Nanoparticles (AuNP) based plasmonic ELISA for TB-antigen specific antibody detection, referred to as the TB-test in this paper. The description of the sample preparation for the TB-test is provided in [9], [41], [42]. However, development of the biosensor is not the focus of this work.…”