Immuno markers in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients underwent Stupp protocol after neurosurgery: a retrospective series

Abstract

Purpose The aims of our retrospective study investigated the role of immune system in glioblastoma (GBM), which is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults characterized by a poor prognosis. The recurrence rate remains high, probably due to “immune-desert” tumor microenvironment (TME) making GBM hidden from the anti-tumoral immune clearance. Considering this, we aimed to create a panel of prognostic markers from blood and tumor tissue correlating with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Methods Firstly, we analyzed the inflammatory markers NLR and PLR as the ratio of the absolute neutrophil count and absolute platelet count by the absolute lymphocyte count respectively, collected at different time points in the peripheral blood of 95 patients. Furthermore, in 31 patients of the same cohort, we analyzed the formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples to further compare the impact of circulating and inflammatory markers within the TME. Results Patients aged < 60 years and with methylated MGMT showed better OS. While, pre-chemotherapy Systemic Inflammatory Index (SII) < 480 was related to a better OS and PFS, we observed that only CD68+macrophage and CD66b+neutrophils expressed in vascular/perivascular area (V) showed a statistically significant prognostic role in median OS and PFS. Conclusions Thus, we underscored a role of SII as predictive value of response to STUPP protocol. Regarding the TME-related markers, we suggested to take into consideration for future studies with new immunotherapy combinations, each component relating to expression of immune infiltrating subsets.

Glioma-targeted oxaliplatin/ferritin clathrate reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment through hijacking Fe2+ and boosting Fenton reaction

“…The annual incidence of glioma in China is approximately 7.01 per 100,000 for all populations [ 1 ]. At present, the standard clinical treatment for glioma is surgical resection combined with radiation therapy and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy [ 2 ]. Because of invasive growth, it is difficult for glioma tissue to be completely removed by surgery.…”