Immunization practice in the United States and Great Britain: a comparative study

Karzon, David T.

doi:10.1136/pgmj.45.520.147

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…We therefore assumed that vaccination had started in 1940 and that the vaccine coverage ramped up from 0 in 1940 to v 1 in 1955. We also assumed that the preschool booster dose began being administered in 1967, based on the earliest record we could find in the literature (58). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of past vaccination coverage and immunity on pertussis resurgence

et al. 2018

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The resurgence of pertussis over past decades has resulted in incidence levels and infant mortality not witnessed in the US since the 1950s. The underlying causes have been the subject of much speculation, with particular attention paid to the shortcomings of the latest generation of vaccines. We formulated transmission models comprising competing hypotheses regarding vaccine failure and challenged them to explain 16 years of highly-resolved incidence data from Massachusetts, United States. Our results suggest that the resurgence of pertussis is a predictable consequence of incomplete historical coverage with an imperfect vaccine that confers slowly waning immunity. We found evidence that the vaccine itself is effective at reducing overall transmission, yet that routine vaccination alone would be insufficient for elimination of the disease. Our results indicated that the core transmission group is schoolchildren. Therefore, efforts aimed at curtailing transmission in the population at large, and especially in vulnerable infants, are more likely to succeed if targeted at schoolchildren, rather than adults.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of past vaccination coverage and immunity on pertussis resurgence

et al. 2018

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“…Other key events in the UK leading to improvements in respiratory were the advent of a National Health service that permitted much wider access to medical care and the start of structured immunisation programmes following the effectiveness of vaccines in helping to deal with the polio epidemics of the time. The widespread introduction of vaccines over the following decades against whooping cough and measles [127], amongst others, largely removed two of the well-recognised antecedents to developing a chronic bacterial bronchitis in childhood.…”

Section: Improved Housing Standards Of Living and Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Bacterial Airways disease: the Pernicious Global Health Challenge Hidden in Plain Sight

Everard¹

2023

Preprint

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This manuscript is aimed at encouraging those interested in biofilms and their effects on microbial communities to view the study of chronic airways disease as one of the most challenging and potentially rewarding areas to focus on. To do this it is necessary to review how we have reached 2023 having made so little progress. It is more than two hundred years ago since the term bronchitis was proposed to describe diseases affecting the airways rather than the respiratory zone of the lungs. The main histological features were described in Laennec’s text of 1819. By the mid C20th it was recognised that the two great drivers of chronic respiratory symptoms were inhaled toxins and chronic bacterial infections. The widespread availability of antibiotics in subsequent years had a dramatic impact on mortality from pneumonia, greatly reduced the prevalence of chronic symptoms after acute lower respiratory tract infections, transformed the lives of many with bronchiectasis and appeared to play a major role in the dramatic fall in prevalence of bronchiectasis. Unfortunately, during the following 70 years the importance of dealing with a chronic bacterial bronchitis was largely forgotten. While two artificial diseases ‘COPD’ and ‘bronchiectasis’ have been the subject of numerous guidelines, chronic bacterial bronchitis has been out in the cold. Antibiotics have in theory been reserved for those with established damage in the form of bronchiolitis and impaired lung function as defined by an arbitrary FEV1/FVC ratio and even then there is a disconnect with a minimum of 2 weeks being prescribed for exacerbations of bronchiectasis and the use of long term inhaled and oral macrolides frequently being advocated while a 5 day course is reserved for an exacerbation in a patient with COPD. The loss of focus on the role of antibiotics has a number of causes – a desire to ration antibiotic as part of ‘antibiotic stewardship’, the potential cost of treatment, the failure to ‘cure’ patients with chronic bronchitis and the difficulty in dealing with a disease whose morbidity at any given time can range from a mild cough and production of phlegm in the morning with no obvious impact on daily function to troublesome cough, sputum production and significant ill health. This was compounded by the vagaries of culture based diagnosis and the observation that more than one potential pathogen was often present. As a result chronic bacterial bronchitis was relegated to the ‘too hard to deal with’ box and many of the lessons of the past were forgotten. Revisiting the field from the perspective of current understanding of bacterial behaviour in biofilms and how these alter the resident microbiota of the airways should ensure that a chronic bacterial bronchitis returns to centre stage in order to minimise respiratory morbidity and mortality. This review charts the history of our understanding and mis-understanding of the role of chronic bacterial bronchitis in airways disease and the pernicious effect of language in helping to ensure that this common and important condition became the elephant in the room. Focusing on the nature of chronic bacterial bronchitis is essential if we are to find ways of identifying it accurately and treat it effectively – new approaches will be extremely slow unless we recognise its importance and the challenges it poses.

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“…Only once a vaccine was developed in a record time of four years. Measles virus was isolated 1963 and a vaccine from that strain (Jeryl Lynn strain) was approved for its use in 1967 4,5 The graveness of this Covid-19 pandemic has led to an unknown situation in history. The world is in a race to obtain a vaccine, cutting down usual completion times is paramount.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only once a vaccine was developed in a record time of four years. Measles virus was isolated 1963 and a vaccine from that strain (Jeryl Lynn strain) was approved for its use in 1967 4,5…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the end near? When the different countries will surmount COVID-19 pandemic: new approach applying physical, mathematical and game theory models

Alcaniz

López‐Rodas

Costas

2020

Preprint

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In the year 2020 COVID-19 pandemic was a global issue that changed mankinds lifestyle. Since then, when we will control the pandemic and recover our normal life has become the paramount question to be answered, and it needs to be solved. One problem is that there are wealthy countries, with very good health care systems and scientific resources while others barely dedicate 100 US $ per citizen per year, rich countries could cooperate at different levels with poorer ones. In such a diverse context classic epidemiology models, excellent for predicting short term evolution of the pandemic at a local level are not as suitable for long term predictions at a global scale specially if the data they use are of questionable accuracy. Alternatively, big data and AI approaches have been tried. There is an option that can be more effective. Physics applies predictive models about the duration of an event based on analysing the dynamics of the time evolution of the event itself. These models can be used alongside with probabilistic and game theory models that consider different degrees of cooperation. By means of the physics Delta-t argument and a game theory model (cooperate versus defector) we calculate when different countries may control COVID-19 pandemic. In a non-cooperate model, those countries with more resources and best manage the pandemic will have it under control between May and September 2021, whereas those with no resources will suffer the pandemic until at least October 2023. On the other hand, a strong cooperative model will allow that the majority could control the COVID-19 pandemic between October 2021 and November 2022.

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Immunization practice in the United States and Great Britain: a comparative study

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

The impact of past vaccination coverage and immunity on pertussis resurgence

The impact of past vaccination coverage and immunity on pertussis resurgence

Chronic Bacterial Airways disease: the Pernicious Global Health Challenge Hidden in Plain Sight

Is the end near? When the different countries will surmount COVID-19 pandemic: new approach applying physical, mathematical and game theory models

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