Immunization in india 1993–1999: Wealth, gender, and regional inequalities revisited

Gaudin, Sylvestre; Yazbeck, Abdo S.

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.042

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It was necessary to make the regional estimates comparable over the study period. Previous studies in India showed that coverage of childhood immunization varied starkly across states [11], [14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A few other studies also indicated lower immunization coverage among girls as compared to boys, but differences were insignificant [44], [45]. The evidence from recent national-level data shows that the gender gap in full immunization coverage has either stagnated or narrowed [14], [46]. Moreover, estimates from the latest round of the Demographic Health Survey of India show that average gender gap in child health is minimal in the country (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Factors affecting the demand for childhood vaccinations are more complex in nature. These include locality (urban/rural/slums) of residence [9], [10], [11], parental education [12], [13], socioeconomic status of the households [14], [15], [16], caste and religion [13], [17], [18], parity and mother's age at birth [19], [20], [21] and distance to health service centres [22], [23]. Gender discrimination – disfavouring female child – is also an important determinant of childhood vaccination in India [11], [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic Dynamics of Gender Disparity in Childhood Immunization in India, 1992–2006

Prusty

Kumar

2014

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundRecent evidence indicated that gender disparity in child health is minimal and narrowed over time in India. However, considering the geographical and socio-cultural diversity in India, the gender gap may persist across disaggregated socioeconomic context which may be masked by average level. This study examines the dynamics of gender disparity in childhood immunization across regions, residence, wealth, caste and religion in India during 1992–2006.MethodWe used multi-waves of the cross-sectional data of National Family Health Survey conducted in India between 1992–93 and 2005–06. Gender disparity ratio was used to measure the gender gap in childhood immunization across the selected socioeconomic characteristics. Multinomial regression analysis was used to examine the gender gap after accounting for other covariates.ResultResults indicate that, at aggregate level, gender disparity in full immunization is minimal and has stagnated during the study period. However, gender disparity – disfavouring female children – becomes apparent across the regions, poor households, and religion - particularly among Muslims. Adjusted gender disparity ratio indicates that, full immunization is lower among female than male children of the western region, poor household and among Muslims. Between 1992–93 and 2005–06, the disparity in full immunization had narrowed in the northern region whereas it had, astonishingly, increased in some of the western and southern states of the country.ConclusionOur findings emphasize the need to integrate gender issues in the ongoing immunization programme in India, with particular attention to urban areas, developed states, and to the Muslim community.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic Dynamics of Gender Disparity in Childhood Immunization in India, 1992–2006

Prusty

Kumar

2014

PLoS ONE

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“…10 The procedure is the same as in Gwatkin et al (2000; see also Gaudin and Yazbeck 2006a;and Pande and Yazbeck 2003). For a list of asset variables and results on asset weights and scores obtained with NFHS-2 data, see Gaudin and Yazbeck (2006b).…”

Section: Absolute Wealthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Son Preference in Indian Families: Absolute Versus Relative Wealth Effects

Gaudin

2011

Demography

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The desire for male children is prevalent in India, where son preference has been shown to affect fertility behavior and intrahousehold allocation of resources. Economic theory predicts less gender discrimination in wealthier households, but demographers and sociologists have argued that wealth can exacerbate bias in the Indian context. I argue that these apparently conflicting theories can be reconciled and simultaneously tested if one considers that they are based on two different notions of wealth: one related to resource constraints (absolute wealth), and the other to notions of local status (relative wealth). Using cross-sectional data from the 1998-1999 and 2005-2006 National Family and Health Surveys, I construct measures of absolute and relative wealth by using principal components analysis. A series of statistical models of son preference is estimated by using multilevel methods. Results consistently show that higher absolute wealth is strongly associated with lower son preference, and the effect is 20%-40% stronger when the household's community-specific wealth score is included in the regression. Coefficients on relative wealth are positive and significant although lower in magnitude. Results are robust to using different samples, alternative groupings of households in local areas, different estimation methods, and alternative dependent variables.

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“…It would be interesting to pursue the 'modernization -gender bias in child survival' theme beyond the crosssectional in the rapidly growing Indian context. The recent surge of research on gender bias in immunization and diet (Pande and Yazbeck, 2003;Borooah, 2004;Choi and Lee, 2006;Gaudin and Yazbeck, 2006) is, however, silent about the mortality inequality of infants as the data limit their focus on children older than 12 months. This is an important element for analysis as about 70% of the under-five mortality occurs in the zero to one-year age group (International Institute of Population Studies, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensifying Infant Mortality Inequality in India and a Reversal by Policy Intervention

Narayana¹

2008

Journal of Human Development

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The adverse sex ratio, a feature of India, is an outcome of two forms of inequality; natal inequality through sex-selective abortion, and mortality inequality. The analysis of trends in mortality inequality at the infant stage, which is the subject of this paper, in the rural and urban areas of 15 major Indian states reveals that overall mortality inequality has intensified. This is particularly the case in the developed states, accounting for a large proportion of the foregone reduction in the infant mortality rate. However, the trend in Tamil Nadu state points to a reversal in mortality inequality in recent years on account of multi-pronged policy interventions by the state government, which are aimed at protecting the girl child. The political-will of the party in power during 1991-1996 and 2001-2006 in Tamil Nadu points the way for the rest of the nation, and is possibly the way for India to achieve the Millennium Development Goal with respect to the infant mortality rate.Infant mortality rate, Natal inequality, Mortality inequality, Sex ratio, Girl child protection, Cradle baby scheme,

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Immunization in india 1993–1999: Wealth, gender, and regional inequalities revisited

Cited by 33 publications

References 6 publications

Socioeconomic Dynamics of Gender Disparity in Childhood Immunization in India, 1992–2006

Socioeconomic Dynamics of Gender Disparity in Childhood Immunization in India, 1992–2006

Son Preference in Indian Families: Absolute Versus Relative Wealth Effects

Intensifying Infant Mortality Inequality in India and a Reversal by Policy Intervention

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