Immunization Against Scrub Typhus: Duration of Immunity in Volunteers Following Combined Living Vaccine and Chemoprophylaxis

Je, Smadel; Hl, Ley; Fh, Diercks; Py, Paterson; Cl, Wisseman; Traub, ReneeG.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1952.1.87

Cited by 56 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…The protection produced in animals or man by either infection or vaccination appears to be short lived in the case of serologically unrelated organisms (Smadel et al, 1952;Eisenberg and Osterman, 1978). Although a knowledge of the antigenic types of organisms present in an endemic area is important, the actual prevalence of the types in the area is a better guide to the selection of strains for use in a vaccine.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serologic Analysis of Scrub Typhus Isolates From the Pescadores and Philippine Islands

Shirai

Coolbaugh

Gan

et al. 1982

JJMSB

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confidence: 99%

Serologic Analysis of Scrub Typhus Isolates From the Pescadores and Philippine Islands

Shirai

Coolbaugh

Gan

et al. 1982

JJMSB

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“…[21][22][23][24][25] Prior vaccine development efforts using the whole organism have suggested that a scrub typhus vaccine is possible. 19,26,27 Although a recent report suggested that long-term adaptation in egg-yolk sac has increased the yield of Orientia , 28 considerable difficulties still exist in mass production of pure Orientia and in retaining its stability upon storage. Thus, a subunit vaccine composed of genetically engineered antigens capable of inducing protective immunity in human subjects may be a good alternative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15][16][17][18] Homologous protection developed from natural infection persists for at least one year, but heterologous protection may remain for less than six months. 19,20 Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are important in protective immunity against scrub typhus. [21][22][23][24][25] Prior vaccine development efforts using the whole organism have suggested that a scrub typhus vaccine is possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Cross-Reactivity of Various 56 kDa Recombinant Protein Antigens with Serum Samples Collected after Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection by ELISA

Chao¹,

Huber²,

Porter³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of scrub typhus, has a highly expressed and immunodominant 56-kD outer membrane protein. This protein is one of the leading candidates for diagnosis and vaccine development for scrub typhus. Previous studies using recombinant 56-kD protein (r56s) derived from Karp strain (Kpr56) in a mouse model have shown good homologous protection but only moderate to poor heterologous protection. We evaluated the cross-reactivity of recombinant 56-kD proteins from Karp, Kato, Gilliam, TA763, and three chimeric 56-kD proteins. Not all r56s are equally reactive with strain-specific serum samples. These data provide a first glance of how reactive these r56s are toward the antiserum of different strains and which r56 exhibits the broadest reactivity. A formulation of this combination has the potential to provide broad protection against the heterologous challenge and to be used in a highly sensitive diagnostic assay.

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“…However, R. tsutsugamushi strains of reduced mouse virulence isolated from sources other than human cases of scrub typhus have never been inoculated into man. R. tsutsugamushi strain Gilliam, originally isolated from a patient contracting the disease in Burma and believed to have lost virulence for mice by serial passage in embryonated eggs, was tested in human volunteers as a possible attenuated vaccine (Smadel et al, 1951). Unfortunately, this strain HEISEY et al Vol.…”

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The Effect of Mouse Age on the Determination of Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi Virulence

Heisey

Shirai

Groves

1982

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SUMMARY: The effect of age on the susceptibility of ICR mice to lethal intraperitoneal (ip), Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections was tested with five virulent strains -Karp, Kato, Gilliam, TA763, and TH1817-and three strains of reduced virulence-TA678, TA686, and TA716. Susceptibility differences were noted only in the ICR mice inoculated with two of the strains of reduced virulence, TA716 and TA678. With both strains, mice in the 12-weeks and younger age groups had lower death rates than did mice in the 21-weeks and older age groups. Also, CBA/CaJ mice of varying ages were inoculated intravenously with large doses of the Gilliam strain to determine the effect of age on susceptibility to acute death syndrome (ADS). A progressive increase in ADS resistance was seen in the 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-week-old age groups. This study indicates that the age of mice used to test the virulence of R. tsutsugamushi strains may be an important consideration, especially when testing the ip lethality of strains of reduced virulence.The laboratory mouse is commonly used in the study of scrub typhus to isolate and characterize the causative agent, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Bell, Bennett and Whitman, 1946;Smadel, Jackson and Cruise, 1949;Elisberg and Bozeman, 1969;Shirai and Wisseman, 1975). Large studies often require that mice be accumulated over a period of several weeks, leading to a considerable disparity in their ages. Despite the extensive use of mice in scrub typhus research and the past interest in R. tsutsugamushi virulence for mice, specific information on the effect of age on mouse susceptibility to infection is lacking. Therefore, we tested the susceptibility of outbred mice of varying ages to intraperitoneal (ip) R. tsutsugamushi infection.Eight prototype strains were prepared, stored, and assessed for infectivity using methods reported previously (Groves and Osterman, 1978). ICR mice, ages 4, 8, 12, 21, 23, and 26 weeks, were infected intraperitoneally with 3, 10-fold varying dosages (5 mice/dose) of each rickettsial strain, and the total number of lethal infections within each age group recorded. Dosages for the virulent

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Immunization Against Scrub Typhus: Duration of Immunity in Volunteers Following Combined Living Vaccine and Chemoprophylaxis

Cited by 56 publications

References 0 publications

Serologic Analysis of Scrub Typhus Isolates From the Pescadores and Philippine Islands

Serologic Analysis of Scrub Typhus Isolates From the Pescadores and Philippine Islands

Analysis of the Cross-Reactivity of Various 56 kDa Recombinant Protein Antigens with Serum Samples Collected after Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection by ELISA

The Effect of Mouse Age on the Determination of Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi Virulence

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