Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 up to 15 months after infection

Marcotte, Harold; Piralla, Antonio; Zuo, Fanglei; Du, Likun; Cassaniti, Irene; Wan, Hui; Kumagai‐Braesch, Makiko; Andréll, Juni; Percivalle, Elena; Sammartino, José Camilla; Wang, Yating; Vlachiotis, Stelios; Attevall, Janine; Bergami, Federica; Ferrari, Alessandro; Colaneri, Marta; Vecchia, Marco; Sambo, Margherita; Zuccaro, Valentina; Asperges, Erika; Bruno, Raffaele; Oggionni, Tiberio; Meloni, Federica; Abolhassani, Hassan; Bertoglio, Federico; Schubert, Maren; Calzolai, Luigi; Varani, Luca; Hust, Michael; Xue, Yan; Hammarström, Lennart; Baldanti, Fausto; Pan‐Hammarström, Qiang

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103743

Cited by 60 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…Our results regarding outpatients support those previous findings and are consistent with the waning of IgM and stabilization of IgA and IgG titers of still positive neutralizing titers found after several months postsymptoms onset (64,(68)(69)(70). Interestingly, Marcotte H et al have found a similar seroprevalence of IgG titers over time, even up to 15 months after infection (67), which are in the same trend of results obtained by our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The relevance of this new information is highlighted if the limited scope of prophylactic vaccination efforts in developing countries is taken in count (62). For instance, regarding the extent of longterm responses, even without segregation of individuals due to the severity of their COVID-19 symptoms, it has been shown that the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals develop serum Abs that last for several months (63)(64)(65), even beyond a year after infection (66,67). Our results regarding outpatients support those previous findings and are consistent with the waning of IgM and stabilization of IgA and IgG titers of still positive neutralizing titers found after several months postsymptoms onset (64,(68)(69)(70).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence

et al. 2022

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has left researchers scrambling to identify the humoral immune correlates of protection from COVID-19. To date, the antibody mediated correlates of virus neutralization have been extensively studied. However, the extent that non-neutralizing functions contribute to anti-viral responses are ill defined. In this study, we profiled the anti-spike antibody subtype/subclass responses, along with neutralization and antibody-dependent natural killer cell functions in 83 blood samples collected between 4 and 201 days post-symptoms onset from a cohort of COVID-19 outpatients. We observed heterogeneous humoral responses against the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Overall, anti-spike profiles were characterized by a rapid rise of IgA and sustained IgG titers. In addition, strong antibody-mediated natural killer effector responses correlated with milder disease and being female. While higher neutralization profiles were observed in males along with increased severity. These results give an insight into the underlying function of antibodies beyond neutralization and suggest that antibody-mediated natural killer cell activity is a key function of the humoral response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence

et al. 2022

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“…CD4+ T cells can be detected as early as day 2-4 after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms [4]. Marcotte et al (2021) found that the number of S-specific T cells producing IFN-γ reach peak values between 3 and 6 months and persist for up to 15 months [62].…”

Section: Cellular Immune Response In Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peculiarities of the T Cell Immune Response in COVID-19

2022

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Understanding the T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to vaccine development, epidemiological surveillance, and control strategies for this disease. This review provides data from studies of the immune response in coronavirus infections. It describes general mechanisms of immunity, its T cell components, and presents a detailed scheme of the T cell response in SARS-CoV-2 infection, including from the standpoint of determining the most promising targets for assessing its level. In addition, we reviewed studies investigating post-vaccination immunity in the development of vaccines against COVID-19. This review also includes the peculiarities of immunity in different age and gender groups, and in the presence of a number of factors, for example, comorbidity or disease severity. This study summarizes the most informative methods for assessing the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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“…Neutralizing antibodies become detectable within 7–15 days of symptom onset and correlate with IgG levels [ 89 , 91 , 92 ]. Longitudinal studies have indicated that IgG levels peak between 3 and 7 weeks post-symptom onset; while levels subsequently decline, IgG may remain detectable for the duration of follow-up, which can be up to 10–15 months in some studies [ 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 ]. Loss of detectable antibodies (seroreversion) in a small proportion of patients after follow-up periods between 3 and 15 months has been reported, primarily in patients with mild or asymptomatic infection [ 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2: Implications For Blood Safety and Sufficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Blood Safety: An Updated Review

Kiely

Hoad

Seed

et al. 2022

Transfus Med Hemother

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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel human coronavirus first identified in late 2019 and subsequently declared a worldwide pandemic in March 2020. In this review, we provide an overview of the implications of SARS-CoV-2 for blood safety and sufficiency. Summary: Approximately one-third of SARS-CoV-2 infections are asymptomatic. The reported mean incubation period typically varies from 2 to 11 days, but longer periods up to 22 days have been reported. The blood phase of SARS-CoV-2 appears to be brief and low level, with RNAaemia detectable in only a small proportion of patients, typically associated with more severe disease and not demonstrated to be infectious virus. A small number of presymptomatic and asymptomatic blood phase cases have been reported. Transfusion-transmission (TT) of SARS-CoV-2 has not been reported. Therefore, the TT risk associated with SARS-CoV-2 is currently theoretical. To mitigate any potential TT risk, but more importantly to prevent respiratory transmission in donor centers, blood services can implement donor deferral policies based on travel, disease status, or potential risk of exposure and encourage staff vaccination. Key Messages: The TT risk of SARS-CoV-2 appears to be low. The biggest risk to blood services in the current COVID-19 pandemic is to maintain the sufficiency of the blood supply while minimizing respiratory transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to donors and staff while donating blood.

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Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 up to 15 months after infection

Cited by 60 publications

References 68 publications

Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence

Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence

Peculiarities of the T Cell Immune Response in COVID-19

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Blood Safety: An Updated Review

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