Immunity to Parasites

Cheng, Thomas C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-170755-2.50007-8

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Infection by the trematode Halipegus eccentricus does not affect P. acuta shell morphology and only modestly reduces crush resistance (Gustafson & Bolek, 2016). In contrast, infection with a different trematode, Echinostoma revolutum, was shown to release calcium from storage cells within the digestive gland, which leads to increased calcium deposition in the shell (Cheng, 1986). As exposure to predation risk likewise increases calcium deposition in shells so as to increase thickness as an adaptive defence (Auld & Relyea, 2011;Tariel et al, 2020b), this mechanism would explain the observed increase in shell thickness under low risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Furthermore, some pathogens can directly manipulate host phenotypes to their own benefit (Heil, 2016;Poulin & Maure, 2015), which may suppress plastic responses or induce atypical phenotypes (Baldauf et al, 2007). Alternatively, these responses may take the same shape as adaptive plasticity to a different environmental factor (Cheng, 1986;DeWitt, 1998;Tariel et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the use of antibiotics in plasticity research: Gastropod shells unveil a tale of caution

Meuthen

Reinhold

2023

Journal of Animal Ecology

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1. Through phenotypic plasticity, individual genotypes can produce multiple phenotypes dependent on the environment. In the modern world, anthropogenic influences such as man-made pharmaceuticals are increasingly prevalent. They might alter observable patterns of plasticity and distort our conclusions regarding the adaptive potential of natural populations.2. Antibiotics are nowadays nearly ubiquitous in aquatic environments and prophylactic antibiotic use is also becoming more common to optimize animal survival and reproductive output in artificial settings. In the well-studied plasticity model system Physella acuta, prophylactic erythromycin treatment acts against grampositive bacteria and thereby reduces mortality.3. Here, we study its consequences for inducible defence formation in the same species. In a 2 × 2 split-clutch design, we reared 635 P. acuta in either the presence or absence of this antibiotic, followed by 28-day exposure to either high or low predation risk as perceived through conspecific alarm cues.4. Under antibiotic treatment, risk-induced increases in shell thickness, a wellknown plastic response in this model system, were larger and consistently detectable. Antibiotic treatment reduced shell thickness in low-risk individuals, suggesting that in controls, undiscovered pathogen infection increased shell thickness under low risk. Family variation in risk-induced plasticity was low, but the large variation in responses to antibiotics among families suggests different pathogen susceptibility between genotypes. Lastly, individuals that developed thicker shells had reduced total mass, which highlights resource trade-offs.5. Antibiotics thus have the potential to uncover a larger extent of plasticity, but might counterintuitively distort plasticity estimates for natural populations where pathogens are a part of natural ecology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the use of antibiotics in plasticity research: Gastropod shells unveil a tale of caution

Meuthen

Reinhold

2023

Journal of Animal Ecology

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“…Muscle and connective tissue are rich in glucose, which serves as a primary molecule for energy exchange at the cellular level [64]. Cyst walls may be permeable to certain substances, including glucose [65,66], and although the metabolism of metacercariae is not well understood [67], in some cases they appear to draw nutrition from the host's glucose [7,68]. This may be the case in the P. argus-C. solearis system, although the effect was relatively minor, suggesting that a potential metabolic cost would appear to occur only in severely infected lobsters.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cymatocarpus solearis (Trematoda: Brachycoeliidae) on its second intermediate host, the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus

Franco-Bodek,

Barradas-Ortiz,

Negrete-Soto

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Many digenean trematodes require three hosts to complete their life cycle. For Cymatocarpus solearis (Brachycoeliidae), the first intermediate host is unknown; the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus is a second intermediate host, and the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta, a lobster predator, is the definitive host. Trophically-transmitted parasites may alter the behavior or general condition of intermediate hosts in ways that increase the hosts’ rates of consumption by definitive hosts. Here, we examined the effects of infection by C. solearis on P. argus by comparing several physiological and behavioral variables among uninfected lobsters (0 cysts) and lobsters with light (1–10 cysts), moderate (11–30 cysts), and heavy (>30 cysts) infections. Physiological variables were hepatosomatic index, growth rate, hemocyte count, concentration in hemolymph of cholesterol, protein, albumin, glucose, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT). Behavioral variables included seven components of the escape response (delay to escape, duration of swimming bout, distance traveled in a swimming bout, swim velocity, acceleration, force exerted, and work performed while swimming). There was no relationship between lobster size or sex and number of cysts. Significant differences among the four lobster groups occurred only in concentration of glucose (lower in heavily infected lobsters) and 5-HT (higher in heavily and moderately infected lobsters) in plasma. As changes in 5-HT concentration can modify the host’s activity patterns or choice of microhabitat, our results suggest that infection with C. solearis may alter the behavior of spiny lobsters, potentially increasing the likelihood of trophic transmission of the parasite to the definitive host.

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“…It is possible the DENA 'causes a reduction in the effectiveness of internal defense mechanisms or modifies epithelia1 barriers and biochemical processes' in exposed oysters (Sinderman 1980). Bivalves do not possess humoral immune factors (antibodies) like vertebrates, but respond to pathogenic agents via nonspecific cellular mechanisms, such as leukocytic infiltration, phagocytosis, encapsulation and diapedesis (Sparks 1972, Cheng 1973. P. rnarinus does not reproduce readily or become intensely pathogenic in oysters below 20°C in natural environments; however, parasite meronts are capable of enlargement in thioglycollate media at 18'C (Ray 1954a).…”

Section: E E Typical Heavymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of protozoan pathogen Perkinsus marinus infections in American oysters Crassostrea virginica exposed to the chemical carcinogen n-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA)

Winstead¹,

Couch²

1988

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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American oysters Crassostrea virginica exposed to high concentrations (600 mg I-') of nnitrosodiethylamine (DENA) during winter (February to May) showed significant enhancement of an epizootic apicomplexan parasite, Perkinsus rnarinus. The parasite reproduced and caused atypical lesions in exposed oysters in water temperatures at its lower range (20°C). The reasons for this enhancement are not clear but may reflect damage to the oysters' nonspecific, cellular defense mechanisms by the DENA without concomitant negative effects on the parasite.

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Immunity to Parasites

Cited by 3 publications

References 69 publications

On the use of antibiotics in plasticity research: Gastropod shells unveil a tale of caution

On the use of antibiotics in plasticity research: Gastropod shells unveil a tale of caution

Effects of Cymatocarpus solearis (Trematoda: Brachycoeliidae) on its second intermediate host, the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus

Enhancement of protozoan pathogen Perkinsus marinus infections in American oysters Crassostrea virginica exposed to the chemical carcinogen n-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA)

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