Immunity to Campylobacter: its role in risk assessment and epidemiology

Havelaar, Arie H.; Pelt, Wilfrid van; Ang, C. Wim; Wagenaar, Jaap A.; Putten, Jos P. M. van; Groß, Uwe; Newell, Diane G.

doi:10.1080/10408410802636017

Cited by 143 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 196 publications

(205 reference statements)

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“…This would be in agreement with other studies which conclude that the development of immunity against Campylobacter is most likely limited to developing countries, where individuals are most likely exposed to a highly contaminated environment, characterized for example by a poor quality water supply or by the presence of poultry in the house [5,8,10,11]. Partial immunity in developing countries is supported by children excreting the bacteria for shorter duration and by disproportionately higher risk in travellers [12].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…These databases can then be used in epidemiological investigations as sources of information for evaluating individual or environmental risk factors [3,4]. It was recently proposed that acquired immunity to the infection could bias results from risk factor analysis by reducing the risk of developing the disease in areas of high exposure [5]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do patients with recurrent episodes of campylobacteriosis differ from those with a single disease event?

et al. 2011

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BackgroundAlthough Campylobacter is the leading cause of reported bacterial gastro-enteritis in industrialized countries, little is known on its recurrence. The objective of this study is to describe the risk and the patient characteristics of recurrent episodes of human campylobacteriosis reported in Quebec.MethodsLaboratory-confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis reported in the province of Quebec, Canada, through ongoing surveillance between 1996 and 2006 were analyzed. The risk of having a recurrent episode of campylobacteriosis was described using life table estimates. Logistic regression was used to assess if gender, age and patient residential location were associated with an increased risk of recurrence.ResultsCompared to the baseline risk, the risk for a recurrent disease event was higher for a period of four years and followed a decreasing trend. This increased risk of a recurrent event was similar across gender, but higher for people from rural areas and lower for children under four years of age.ConclusionsThese results may suggest the absence of durable immunity or clinical resilience following a first episode of campylobacteriosis and periodical re-exposure, at least among cases reported through the surveillance system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do patients with recurrent episodes of campylobacteriosis differ from those with a single disease event?

et al. 2011

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“…Immunity appears to prevent illness but not colonization [52]. However, recent serosurveillance suggested that the majority of Campylobacter infections are asymptomatic [51]. The decreasing amount of cases due to other risk factors with age could therefore be explained with an increase in immunity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk attribution ofCampylobacterinfection by age group using exposure modelling

et al. 2010

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SUMMARYKnowledge on the relative importance of alternative sources of human campylobacteriosis is important in order to implement effective disease prevention measures. The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of three key exposure pathways (travelling abroad, poultry meat, pet contact) for different patient age groups in Switzerland. With a stochastic exposure model data on Campylobacter incidence for the years 2002-2007 were linked with data for the three exposure pathways and the results of a case-control study. Mean values for the population attributable fractions (PAF) over all age groups and years were 27 % (95 % CI 17-39) for poultry consumption, 27% (95 % CI 22-32) for travelling abroad, 8 % (95 % CI 6-9) for pet contact and 39 % (95 % CI 25-50) for other risk factors. This model provided robust results when using data available for Switzerland, but the uncertainties remained high. The output of the model could be improved if more accurate input data are available to estimate the infection rate per exposure. In particular, the relatively high proportion of cases attributed to 'other risk factors ' requires further attention.

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“…The impact of individual immunity on the comparison of case-patients and controls, particularly for Campylobacter infections, is intriguing and warrants further exploration (Adak et al, 1995;Friedman et al, 2004;Havelaar et al, 2009). While the impact of the immune status of controls on the results of case-control studies is unknown, and to the extent that exposure to common sources of infection may be associated with protective immunity, it can be presumed that if controls are immune to the particular infection under study then the measures of association between risk factors and infections may be decreased; true risk factors may appear to be less strongly associated with illness or may even appear to be protective factors.…”

Section: Insights Gained From 20 Years Of Investigations Of Sporadic mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the impact of the immune status of controls on the results of case-control studies is unknown, and to the extent that exposure to common sources of infection may be associated with protective immunity, it can be presumed that if controls are immune to the particular infection under study then the measures of association between risk factors and infections may be decreased; true risk factors may appear to be less strongly associated with illness or may even appear to be protective factors. It has been suggested that protective factors may be found where there is longstanding or lifelong protective immunity owing to exposure to the pathogen over many years; however, this may not be the case for some enteric infections (Swift and Hunter, 2004;Havelaar et al, 2009). A history of previous exposure to the pathogen in an individual (leading to individual immunity) could be a confounder of the association of current exposure and infection and could be treated as such through the study design and analysis (Rothman and Mahon, 2004).…”

Section: Insights Gained From 20 Years Of Investigations Of Sporadic mentioning

confidence: 99%

Case-Control Studies of Sporadic Enteric Infections: A Review and Discussion of Studies Conducted Internationally from 1990 to 2009

Fullerton

Scallan²,

Kirk³

et al. 2012

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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Epidemiologists have used case-control studies to investigate enteric disease outbreaks for many decades. Increasingly, case-control studies are also used to investigate risk factors for sporadic (not outbreak-associated) disease. While the same basic approach is used, there are important differences between outbreak and sporadic disease settings that need to be considered in the design and implementation of the case-control study for sporadic disease. Through the International Collaboration on Enteric Disease "Burden of Illness" Studies (the International Collaboration), we reviewed 79 case-control studies of sporadic enteric infections caused by nine pathogens that were conducted in 22 countries and published from 1990 through to 2009. We highlight important methodological and study design issues (including case definition, control selection, and exposure assessment) and discuss how approaches to the study of sporadic enteric disease have changed over the last 20 years (e.g., making use of more sensitive case definitions, databases of controls, and computer-assisted interviewing). As our understanding of sporadic enteric infections grows, methods and topics for case-control studies are expected to continue to evolve; for example, advances in understanding of the role of immunity can be used to improve

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Immunity to Campylobacter: its role in risk assessment and epidemiology

Cited by 143 publications

References 196 publications

Do patients with recurrent episodes of campylobacteriosis differ from those with a single disease event?

Do patients with recurrent episodes of campylobacteriosis differ from those with a single disease event?

Risk attribution ofCampylobacterinfection by age group using exposure modelling

Case-Control Studies of Sporadic Enteric Infections: A Review and Discussion of Studies Conducted Internationally from 1990 to 2009

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