Immunity Studies on Eimeria Tenella Infection in Chickens in Relation to Sulfaquinoxaline Therapy

Grumbles, L. C.; Delaplane, J. P.; Higgins, T. C.

doi:10.3382/ps.0270169

Cited by 10 publications

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“…Unless drug concentrations are carefully chosen , it is even more likely to occur with the long-term continuous treatments with nitrophenide or the sulfonamides being advocated at present. HOWever, Uelaplane et al (1947) and Grumbles et al (1948) found that long continued, but intermittent, treatment with sulfaquinoxaline does not prevent the development of immunity when the treatment does not prevent coccidiosis mortality of 1-2 per cent. These workers' present interest in continuous long-term administration of 0.0125 per cent sulfaquinoxaline, which also permits 1 to 2 per cent coccidiosis mortality, leads one to infer that similar results on immunity are anticipated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Involved in Tests for Acquired Immunity in Eimeria Tenella Infections of the Chicken

Waletzky¹,

Hughes²

1949

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Involved in Tests for Acquired Immunity in Eimeria Tenella Infections of the Chicken

Waletzky¹,

Hughes²

1949

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulfaquinoxaline

Dux¹,

Rosenblum²

1949

Anal. Chem.

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The suitability of the Bratton-MarshaH color reaction as the basis for a spectrophotometric assay of sulfaquinoxaline was investigated using iY-(lnaphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride as the coupling agent. Because a nonlinear relationship between concentration and color intensity obtains in the adopted procedure, extinction coefficients were determined at several concentrations.The effects of acidity and salt concentrations on the color SULFAQUINOXALINE {15) (2-sulfanilamidoquinoxaline) has been found {2, S, 5, 12) to be an effective chemotherapeutic agent for the prevention and control of certain poultry diseases. Being a sulfonamide in which sulfanilic acid is condensed with 2-aminoquinoxaline, it shows the typical color reaction that is the basis of the assay method proposed by Marshall {1, 8-11) and colleagues for sulfanilamide and related compounds. The color is generated by diazotization of the free arylamino group and coupling with a suitable agent.Of the large number of coupling agents examined {1), Af-(l-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was cited by Bratton and Marshall as the most satisfactory. The present authors have studied this reaction spectrophotometrically in the case of sulfaquinoxaline and find that, despite the many factors that influence the color intensity, it may be made the basis of an analytical method. The resulting colored compound has the same visible absorption spectrum as the azo dye obtained from sulfanilamide (I), exhibiting a characteristic band at 545 mg.The method was tested with a number of sulfaquinoxaline samples of known purity and was applied to mixtures with inorganic diluents. An extension to mixtures of sulfaquinoxaline with an organic diluent, such as poultry feed, which requires extraction of the sulfonamide is also described. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDYReagents. The following aqueous reagents were employed in this investigation: 0.02 N and 0.50 N solutions of hydrochloric acid, 0.5 N solution of sodium hydroxide, 0.1% solution of sodium nitrite, 0.5% solution of ammonium sulfamate (La Motte "purestandardized"), 0.1% solution of N-(1 -naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (Eastman Kodak), and sodium chloride. Unless otherwise stated, Merck reagent grade chemicals were employed. The coupling agent was stored in a dark-colored glass bottle to avoid photodeterioration. Fresh sodium nitrite solution was prepared daily. The concentration of the 0.50 N acid had to be regulated fairly accurately because pH control was necessary for reproducible color production.

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Anticoccidial vaccines for broiler chickens: Pathways to success

Rb¹

2002

Avian Pathology

284

197

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The use of live vaccines, either attenuated or non-attenuated, for the control of coccidiosis due to Eimeria infections in broiler breeder or layer chickens is well established. Use in broilers, however, has been slow to gain acceptance. This has been partly for economic reasons, but also because of perceived adverse effects on early chick growth, particularly with non-attenuated vaccines, and concerns about timely onset of protective immunity in such short-lived birds. This review describes advances in understanding of epidemiological factors and recent improvements of administration methods that have helped to allay these fears and to make the use of anticoccidial vaccines in broilers technically achievable. Topics discussed include: (1) types of commercially available vaccine, (2) vaccines in development, (3) vaccination methods and equipment, (4) basis of vaccine efficacy and immunogenic variation of parasites, (5) key factors in the survival, sporulation and dissemination of vaccinal oocysts, (6) descriptions and significance of patterns of litter oocyst accumulation and occurrence of intestinal lesions in vaccinated flocks, (7) rotation of anticoccidial vaccination and chemotherapy to restore drug sensitivity to resistant wild-type coccidia, (8) combinations of anticoccidial vaccination and chemotherapy, (9) interactions between coccidiosis and clostridiosis in broilers and compatibilities of potential control methods, (10) published performance data for live anticoccidial vaccines in broilers, (11) possible further developments of live vaccines.

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Immunity Studies on Eimeria Tenella Infection in Chickens in Relation to Sulfaquinoxaline Therapy

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Factors Involved in Tests for Acquired Immunity in Eimeria Tenella Infections of the Chicken

Factors Involved in Tests for Acquired Immunity in Eimeria Tenella Infections of the Chicken

Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulfaquinoxaline

Anticoccidial vaccines for broiler chickens: Pathways to success

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