Immunity, infection, and nasal disease

Yoshida, Sakiko; Gershwin, M. Eric

doi:10.1007/bf02739326

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The nasal epithelium exhibits a powerful immune defence against pathogens: the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). The NALT, which contains lymphocytes and B-/T-cell enriched zones, as well as follicle-associated epithelium with M-cells [53], constitutes the first defence against airborne pathogens [54][55][56]. Within the underlying olfactory nerve, glial cells (OECs) are efficient phagocytes, capable of engulfing both axonal debris resulting from olfactory nerve turnover and bacteria [34,40,42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burkholderia pseudomallei invades the olfactory nerve and bulb after epithelial injury in mice and causes the formation of multinucleated giant glial cells in vitro

et al. 2020

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The infectious disease melioidosis is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis is characterised by high mortality and morbidity and can involve the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously discovered that B. pseudomallei can infect the CNS via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves in mice. We have shown that the nerve path is dependent on mouse strain, with outbred mice showing resistance to olfactory nerve infection. Damage to the nasal epithelium by environmental factors is common, and we hypothesised that injury to the olfactory epithelium may increase the vulnerability of the olfactory nerve to microbial insult. We therefore investigated this, using outbred mice that were intranasally inoculated with B. pseudomallei, with or without methimazole-induced injury to the olfactory neuroepithelium. Methimazole-mediated injury resulted in increased B. pseudomallei invasion of the olfactory epithelium, and only in pre-injured animals were bacteria found in the olfactory nerve and bulb. In vitro assays demonstrated that B. pseudomallei readily infected glial cells isolated from the olfactory and trigeminal nerves (olfactory ensheathing cells and trigeminal Schwann cells, respectively). Bacteria were degraded by some cells but persisted in other cells, which led to the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), with olfactory ensheathing cells less likely to form MNGCs than Schwann cells. Double Cap mutant bacteria, lacking the protein BimA, did not form MNGCs. These data suggest that injuries to the olfactory epithelium expose the primary olfactory nervous system to bacterial invasion, which can then result in CNS infection with potential pathogenic consequences for the glial cells.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.Infections of the central nervous system (CNS), though uncommon, are associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, can infect the CNS. We have shown that B. pseudomallei can enter the CNS via peripheral nerves extending between the nasal cavity and the brain (bypassing the bloodbrain/blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers). In the current study, we show that prior injury to the olfactory epithelium can increase B. pseudomallei invasion of the olfactory nerve and bulb, highlighting a novel risk factor for CNS infections. We also demonstrate the ability of peripheral nerve glia to internalise B. pseudomallei, resulting in the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), dependent on the bacterial protein BimA. These findings provide important new insights into the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei.B. pseudomallei infects olfactory bulb after injury PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burkholderia pseudomallei invades the olfactory nerve and bulb after epithelial injury in mice and causes the formation of multinucleated giant glial cells in vitro

et al. 2020

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“…UV light could affect skin biology and immune system, and lead to immunosuppression, premature aging, oxidative stress, and even carcinogenesis [ 1 ]. Immunosuppression induced by solar UV radiation (UVR) is a risk factor for melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers, which could potentially allow dysplastic cells being undetected and developing to neoplasms [ 97 ].…”

Section: Benefits Towards Immune-related Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In UV-irradiated mice, GTPs could reduce the migration of CPD positive cells to lymph nodes and improve nucleotide-excision repair mechanisms [ 29 ]. In human and animal studies, GTPs show significant protective effects against UV-induced skin damage and immunosuppression [ 1 ]. In keratinocytes cells exposed to UV radiation, IL-12 could enhance the NER enzyme activity [ 99 ].…”

Section: Benefits Towards Immune-related Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The human immune system has developed defensive components possessing functions specialized for mucosal areas, such as mucus and its constituents, secretory immunoglobulins, and unique subsets of leukocytes localizing to or maturating in mucosal regions [ 1 ]. Mucosal surfaces are the interfaces between the external and internal environments, through which gases, nutrients, waste products, and other materials can move [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immunomodulation encompasses immunostimulation or immunoinhibition of certain cellular and/or humoral immune responses. These defensive components prevent attachment and entry of pathogens to host tissues and mobilize other immune components after the entry of microbes, which ultimately resist against particular pathogens or foreign substances [ 1 ]. Particularly, the sophisticated immune response relies on the reactions of a number of germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) with conserved pathogenic structures of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunomodulatory Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols

Wang

et al. 2021

Molecules

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Green tea and its bioactive components, especially polyphenols, possess many health-promoting and disease-preventing benefits, especially anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and metabolic modulation effects with multi-target modes of action. However, the effect of tea polyphenols on immune function has not been well studied. Moreover, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating immunoregulation are not well understood. This review summarizes the recent studies on the immune-potentiating effects and corresponding mechanisms of tea polyphenols, especially the main components of (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (–)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG). In addition, the benefits towards immune-related diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cutaneous-related immune diseases, and obesity-related immune diseases, have been discussed.

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A 48-Year-Old Man With Recurrent Sinusitis

Kennedy

2000

JAMA

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A 48-YEAR-OLD BUSINESSMAN PLAGUED by recurrent sinusitis for the last 21 years. Frequent infections interfere with his quality of life. He resides near Boston and is covered by commercial insurance.Mr S first experienced allergies and sinus infections when he moved to Oregon 21 years ago. After monthly episodes of sinusitis for more than a year, he underwent septoplasty, cauterization, and creation of "surgical windows" for improved drainage. He remained free of sinus infections for 1 year. Mr S then noted a pattern of sinus infections starting in the fall and lasting through the early spring. This coincided with his seasonal allergies, and he has received 4 series of allergy shots.Mr S describes a typical episode as clogged ears and postnasal drip causing hoarseness, followed by facial pain and warmth, yellow nasal discharge, and general malaise and fatigue. He cannot exercise during an episode and finds working and caring for his children especially difficult. His work requires him to travel; flying on airplanes with sinusitis is remarkably uncomfortable and once left him with vertigo for several weeks.Mr S reports using the following antibiotics for 5-to 30day courses: amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, erythromycin, cefprozil, and azithromycin. He notes that antibiotics do not seem to work as fast as they used to.His past medical history is significant for hernia repair, seasonal allergies, vasectomy, and exertional asthma. His current medications include mometasone furoate nasal spray, 2 sprays daily; cetirizine hydrochloride, 10 mg/d; guaifenesinpseudoephedrine hydrochloride (600 mg and 120 mg, respectively), 1.5 tablets daily; montelukast sodium, 10 mg/d; and pirbuterol acetate inhaler as needed. Mr S is allergic to aspirin and all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).On physical examination, Mr S appears healthy, with normal vital signs, unremarkable head and neck examination, and clear lungs. Results of routine laboratory tests are all within normal limits. Computed tomographic (CT) scan of the sinuses from October 1999 shows no evidence of sinus thickening or disease.Mr S recently saw an otolaryngologist and is considering the pros and cons of endoscopic sinus surgery. He has sinusitis about 8 times per year. Mr S expresses concern about developing resistant bacteria and running out of effective antibiotics. He recalls a difficult recovery from his sinus surgery of 20 years ago and wonders if recovery now would be easier. He would like to know what his chances for shortand long-term success would be with surgery and how his surgeon would make that determination. MR S: HIS UNDERSTANDINGS AND PERCEPTIONS

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Immunity, infection, and nasal disease

Cited by 3 publications

References 53 publications

Burkholderia pseudomallei invades the olfactory nerve and bulb after epithelial injury in mice and causes the formation of multinucleated giant glial cells in vitro

Burkholderia pseudomallei invades the olfactory nerve and bulb after epithelial injury in mice and causes the formation of multinucleated giant glial cells in vitro

Immunomodulatory Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols

A 48-Year-Old Man With Recurrent Sinusitis

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