Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR–Cas Systems

Rastegar

BioMed Research International

et al. 2022

Coronavirus illness 2019 is a significant worldwide health danger that began with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two infections. It is the largest pandemic of our lifetime to date, affecting millions of people and crippling economies globally. There is currently no viable therapy for this devastating condition. The fast spread of SARS-CoV-2 underlines the critical need for favorable treatments to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and dissemination. Regulating the upstream cytokine release might be a possible method for COVID-19 therapy. We propose that more consideration be paid to the dysregulated IFN-I release in COVID-19 and that cGAS and STING be considered therapeutic targets for avoiding cytokine storms and as critical components in host antiviral defense mechanisms.

Section: Molecular Pathway Of Cgas-sting Against Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Function of cGAS-STING in SARS-CoV-2: A Novel Approach to COVID-19 Treatment

Rastegar

BioMed Research International

et al. 2022

“…Viral sensing triggers type I and II interferon responses via STAT1 and STAT2, promoting the expression of antiviral interferon response genes and apoptosis if the pathogen is not cleared [ 85 ]. Viruses causing chronic hepatitis have developed elaborated strategies to evade the innate response (reviewed in [ 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ]). An important aspect in this evasion strategy is the pro-viral role of STAT3 signaling.…”

Section: Virus-induced Pro-inflammatory Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signaling Induced by Chronic Viral Hepatitis: Dependence and Consequences

Boulahtouf

Virzì

Baumert

et al. 2022

IJMS

Chronic viral hepatitis is a main cause of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are striking similarities in the pathological impact of hepatitis B, C, and D, although these diseases are caused by very different viruses. Paired with the conventional study of protein–host interactions, the rapid technological development of -omics and bioinformatics has allowed highlighting the important role of signaling networks in viral pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an integrated look on the three major viruses associated with chronic viral hepatitis in patients, summarizing similarities and differences in virus-induced cellular signaling relevant to the viral life cycles and liver disease progression.

“…Accumulating studies show that the cGAS-STING pathway is widely implicated in the DNA-sensing process, including viral clearance and autoimmune diseases ( Lin and Zheng, 2019 ; Brezgin et al, 2021 ; Zheng, 2021 ). It is important to broaden our comprehension of each step of the cGAS-STING signaling to finetune the immune responses.…”

Section: The Cascade Of Cyclic Gmp-amp Synthase-stimulator Of Interferon Genes Pathway During Viral Invasionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Regulatory Network of Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Genes Pathway in Viral Evasion

et al. 2021

Virus infection has been consistently threatening public health. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway is a critical defender to sense various pathogens and trigger innate immunity of mammalian cells. cGAS recognizes the pathogenic DNA in the cytosol and then synthesizes 2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP (2′3′cGAMP). As the second messenger, cGAMP activates STING and induces the following cascade to produce type I interferon (IFN-I) to protect against infections. However, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to hinder the cGAS-STING signal transduction, promoting their immune evasion. Here we outline the current status of the viral evasion mechanism underlying the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on how post-transcriptional modifications, viral proteins, and non-coding RNAs involve innate immunity during viral infection, attempting to inspire new targets discovery and uncover potential clinical antiviral treatments.