Immunity and tolerance are related, and governed by antigen migration and localization

The imbalance of T helper 17/regulatory T cells and memory B cells during the early post‐transplantation period in peripheral blood of living donor liver transplantation recipients under calcineurin inhibitor‐based immunosuppression

“…However, the early post-operative period is the critical time when the host immune system responds to a graft liver under immunosuppression as reflected by the observation that the surge of migratory donor mononuclear leucocytes appears in the recipient blood during the first 2 or 3 weeks after the intestinal transplantation. 16 In conclusion, the results of this prospective study indicate that under conventional immunosuppression protocols, the percentage of T cells with regulatory properties decreased in the early post-transplantation period, and the percentages of effector Th17 cells were unaffected. In current clinical practice, the serum level of calcineurin inhibitors is the only surrogate marker used to modify the intensity of immunosuppression after LDLT.…”

“…The intensity of immunosuppression is important in the early post-operative period because the host immune response to graft liver becomes vigorous within 3-4 weeks post-transplantation. 16 Therefore, the investigation to determine the exact immune status of patients during the early post-transplantation period is of interest. This prospective study of immunological profiles interestingly demonstrated that Treg cells, a well-known tolerance marker, significantly decreased with little suppression of the subsets of Th1, Th2, Th17 and effector B cells upon introducing conventional immunosuppression immediately after LDLT.…”

“…The host immune response to graft liver is vigorous within several weeks, 16 so the intensity of immunosuppression in most transplantation centres is potent during the early post-operative period (within 3-4 weeks) but then gradually decreases. 17 The exact immune status of patients during the early post-transplantation period is an interesting issue from the point of view of the balance between over-immunosuppression and underimmunosuppression.…”

Life, activation and death of intrahepatic lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C

“…Moreover, it was realized that such MHC-incompatible liver grafts had a tolerizing effect on the post-transplant alloreactions mediated by the immune cells of the recipient and actually reduced the chance of rejection for subsequent MHC mismatched allografts (2,3). This so called "liver effect" has been the topic of research for many years, but there is still debate concerning the mechanistic underpinnings Valiante et al · Intrahepatic lymphocytes in HCV infection of this phenomenon with roles for liver-derived soluble MHC class I molecules and microchimerism being proposed (4,5).…”

Successful Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) by Injection of Bone Marrow Cells via Portal Vein: Stromal Cells as BMT-Facilitating Cells

“…We have previously found that allogeneic BMT can be used to treat autoimmune diseases [3,4]. Many trials have been performed to induce donor-specific tolerance and prevent the various side effects produced by the long-term administration of immunosuppressive agents [5,6]. Our serial studies have demonstrated that successful allogeneic BMT can be achieved if donor bone (to recruit BM stromal cells) is cografted with BM cells (BMCs) even in chimerism-resistant mouse combinations such as [DBA/2¡ C57BL/6(B6)] and [MRL/MP-lpr/lpr¡ B6] [7,8].…”