Immune system response during viral Infections: Immunomodulators, cytokine storm (CS) and Immunotherapeutics in COVID-19

Pottoo, Faheem Hyder; Abu-Izneid, Tareq; Ibrahim, Abdallah Mohammad; Javed, Nazir; Alhajri, Noora; Hamrouni, Amar M

doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.018

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…In conjunction, a broad range of TNF inhibitor formulations are currently being used, particularly humanized TNF-α-inhibitors, namely adalimumab and infliximab, to treat COVID-19 and ameliorate cytokine storm [ 130 , 157 ]. TNF-α has been shown to be a main cytokine that is released in a variety of ailments that lead to inflammation, including in the acute and chronic phases, as evidenced in its effectiveness as a therapy for a wide spectrum of ailments [ 158 ].…”

Section: Regulation Of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Via Immunomodulatory Drugs And Immunotherapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lethal forms of COVID-19 can be attributed to the insufficient and/or inefficient immune responses associated with the hyperinflammatory syndrome/cytokine storm. Therefore, therapeutic approaches for managing COVID-19 should suppress the extreme inflammatory responses; at the same time, they should maintain the normal immune system and its response against SARS-CoV-2 [ 157 , 162 , 163 ].…”

Section: Regulation Of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Via Immunomodulatory Drugs And Immunotherapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm

et al. 2021

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a severe pandemic of the current century. The vicious tentacles of the disease have been disseminated worldwide with unknown complications and repercussions. Advanced COVID-19 syndrome is characterized by the uncontrolled and elevated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed immunity, leading to the cytokine storm. The uncontrolled and dysregulated secretion of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines is positively associated with the severity of the viral infection and mortality rate. The secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 leads to a hyperinflammatory response by recruiting macrophages, T and B cells in the lung alveolar cells. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that immune cells such as macrophages recruit inflammatory monocytes in the alveolar cells and allow the production of large amounts of cytokines in the alveoli, leading to a hyperinflammatory response in severely ill patients with COVID-19. This cascade of events may lead to multiple organ failure, acute respiratory distress, or pneumonia. Although the disease has a higher survival rate than other chronic diseases, the incidence of complications in the geriatric population are considerably high, with more systemic complications. This review sheds light on the pivotal roles played by various inflammatory markers in COVID-19-related complications. Different molecular pathways, such as the activation of JAK and JAK/STAT signaling are crucial in the progression of cytokine storm; hence, various mechanisms, immunological pathways, and functions of cytokines and other inflammatory markers have been discussed. A thorough understanding of cytokines’ molecular pathways and their activation procedures will add more insight into understanding immunopathology and designing appropriate drugs, therapies, and control measures to counter COVID-19. Recently, anti-inflammatory drugs and several antiviral drugs have been reported as effective therapeutic drug candidates to control hypercytokinemia or cytokine storm. Hence, the present review also discussed prospective anti-inflammatory and relevant immunomodulatory drugs currently in various trial phases and their possible implications.

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Section: Regulation Of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Via Immunomodulatory Drugs And Immunotherapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regulation Of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines Via Immunomodulatory Drugs And Immunotherapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm

et al. 2021

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“…As catastrophic COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread rapidly, many unresolved questions of how this virus would impact on RMDs and autoinflammatory disorders needs to be fully clarified [1][2][3]. Whether patients with RMDs could be at an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19 disease remains to be entirely evaluated [14][15][16]. Incidence and outcomes of COVID-19 among RMDs and autoinflammatory disorders patients would appear to be consistent with general population affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”

Section: Appraisal Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whether patients with RMDs, especially those receiving Disease Modifying Antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), are at an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19 disease remains to be clarified. On the other hand, it is well known that viral infection susceptibility and clinical aspects may be influenced both by inflammatory diseases, as well as immunomodulant and immunosuppressive therapies [14][15][16]. For this last point, several studies highlighted that patients with immunoinflammatory diseases on biologic (bDMARDs) may be at higher risk to test positive for COVID-19 and hospitalized, but with a not increased risk of Intensive Care Units (ICU) admission or death in comparison with general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic implications, incidence, and outcomes of COVID-19 in autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases and autoinflammatory disorders

et al. 2021

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As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread rapidly, there are still many unresolved questions of how this virus would impact on autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases and autoinflammatory disorders. The main aim of this paper is to describe the main studies focusing their attention on COVID-19 incidence and outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondylarthritis (SpA), and autoinflammatory disease cohorts. We also revised possible pathogenic mechanisms associated with. Available data suggest that, in patients with RA and SpA, the immunosuppressive therapy, older age, male sex, and the presence of comorbidities (hypertension, lung disease, diabetes, CVD, and chronic renal insufficiency/end-stage renal disease) could be associated with an increased risk of infections and high rate of hospitalization. Other studies have shown that lower odds of hospitalization were associated with bDMARD or tsDMARDs monotherapy, driven largely by anti-TNF therapies. For autoinflammatory diseases, considering the possibility that COVID-19 could be associated with a cytokine storm syndrome, the question of the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients displaying innate immunity disorders has been raised. In this context, data are very scarce and studies available did not clarify if having an autoinflammatory disorder could be or not a risk factor to develop a more severe COVID-19. Taking together these observations, further studies are likely to be needed to fully characterize these specific patient groups and associated SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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“…This virus has been classified in genus, subgenus, and family: β-coronavirus, Sarbecovirus, and Coronaviridae respectively (Fig. 1) (Zhang et al 2020a;Pottoo et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current trends in diagnosis and treatment strategies of COVID-19 infection

Tiwari¹,

Kumar

Tiwari³

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Coronaviruses are terrifically precise and adapted towards specialized respiratory epithelial cells, observed in organ culture and human volunteers both. This virus is found to possess an unpredictable anti-viral T-cell response which in turn results in T-cell activation and finally apoptosis, leading to cytokine storm and collapse of the whole immune system. The present review provides comprehensive information regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, mutant strains, and the impact of SARS-COV-2 on vital organs, the pathophysiology of the disease, diagnostic tests available, and possible treatments. It also includes all the vaccines developed so far throughout the world to control this pandemic. Until now, 18 vaccines have been approved by the WHO and further 22 vaccines are in the third trial. This study also provides up-to-date information regarding the drugs repurposed in clinical trials and the recent status of allopathic drugs along with its result. Although vaccines are available, specific treatment is not available for the disease. Furthermore, the effect of vaccines on new variants is a new area of research at this time. Therefore, a preventive attitude is the best approach to fight against this virus.

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Immune system response during viral Infections: Immunomodulators, cytokine storm (CS) and Immunotherapeutics in COVID-19

Cited by 26 publications

References 103 publications

Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm

Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm

Pathogenic implications, incidence, and outcomes of COVID-19 in autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases and autoinflammatory disorders

Current trends in diagnosis and treatment strategies of COVID-19 infection

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