“…Studies have indicated that the causes of MA are multiple and complex, including abnormalities in chromosome number and structure (7,8), immune dysfunction (9,10), endocrine dysfunction (11), abnormal intrauterine environment (12), hereditary thrombophilia (13), systemic infectious diseases (14,15) and environmental factors (3). However, in ~50% of affected patients, the reason for the occurrence of MA and the associated pathogenesis remain elusive (16).…”