Immune responses ofLitopenaeus vannameito non-ionic ammonia stress: a comparative study on shrimps in freshwater and seawater conditions

Abstract

To investigate the effect of non-ionic ammonia (NH 3 -N) stress (0.1 and 0.5 mg L À1 ) on the immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in long-term freshwater, the total haemocyte count (THC), the activity of phenoloxidase (PO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined and further compared with those of seawater shrimps. The results showed that NH 3 -N stress significantly reduced THC and the activity of PO and SOD (P < 0.05). Under 0.1 mg L À1 NH 3 -N stress, NOS activity increased first and then decreased significantly, while it dropped dramatically under 0.5 mg L À1 NH 3 -N stress (P < 0.05). During NH 3 -N stress, MDA content increased continuously, and the MDA content in hepatopancreas of freshwater shrimps was higher than that of seawater shrimps. It was concluded that NH 3 -N stress significantly influenced the non-specific immunity and could also upset the balance of antioxidant system of L. vannamei in both freshwater and seawater shrimps. Compared with in seawater, the shrimps in freshwater were more vulnerable to NH 3 -N stress because of higher lipid peroxidation and lower immunity.

Ammonia exposure induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hepatopancreas of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

“…The excessive ROS might destruct cell membranes with formation of lipid peroxides and oxidized proteins [33]. The concentration of lipid peroxidation was reported to be increased in hepatopancreas of the shrimp after ammonia exposure [34]. In the present study, the MDA concentration in hepatopancreas was significantly increased after ammonia exposure, indicating that ammonia stress disrupted the balance between oxidants and antioxidants.…”

The role of açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart. 1824) as a chemoprotective agent in the evaluation of antioxidant defence, oxidative damage and histology of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (BOONE, 1931) exposed to ammonia

“…The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Booner 1931) is the crustacean species most reared and commercialized in the world, due to its zootechnical characteristics and environmental adaptability (FAO, ; Jia, Zhang, Wang, & Dong, ). Through the improvement of aquaculture techniques, cultivation conditions have intensified by increasing the production of this crustacean.…”

“…The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Booner 1931) is the crustacean species most reared and commercialized in the world, due to its zootechnical characteristics and environmental adaptability (FAO, 2018;Jia, Zhang, Wang, & Dong, 2015).…”

“…Through the improvement of aquaculture techniques, cultivation conditions have intensified by increasing the production of this crustacean. However, one of the limiting factors for their production is the generation and accumulation of nitrogenous residues, mainly ammonia, originated from animal excretion, degradation of food residues and decomposition of organic debris in culture systems (Jia et al, 2015;Romano & Zeng, 2013;Wasielesky, Poersch, Martins, & Miranda-Filho, 2017).…”

“…High concentrations of ammonia tend to accumulate in body fluids of aquatic organisms, including shrimp (Liang et al, 2016), causing sublethal or lethal toxic effects. Among these, osmoregulatory disorders (Romano & Zeng, 2013), increased oxygen consumption (Barbieri, 2010), decreased growth rates and increased mortality (Campos, Furtado, D'incao, Poersch, & Wasielesky, 2015;Wasielesky et al, 2017), Krebs cycle suppression and decoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (Ding et al, 2017), changes and histological lesions (Dutra et al, 2017), decreased antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress (Jia et al, 2015) have been reported.…”