Immune Responses in Humans after 60 Days of Confinement

Schmitt, Didier; Peres, Camila P.; Sonnenfeld, Gerald; Tkackzuk, J.; Arquier, M.; Mauco, Gérard; Ohayon, Elan

doi:10.1006/brbi.1995.1007

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…To systematically analyze the role of space-related factors with influence on the psychoneuroendocrine regulation and immunity, ground-based studies have already been carried out to simulate effects of longterm microgravity (24,30) or confinement (10,26). In a previous ground-based study mimicking reduced gravitation for 120 days by permanent bed rest (6°HDT), our laboratory observed substantial psychic stress, alterations of the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion, an elevation of excretion of stress-permissive catecholamines (e.g., norepinephrine), and changes in cell counts and functions of immune cells in six subjects (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of the results of the HDT study (5) and of the findings made by other groups in confinement studies (10,26), we investigated in part the same variables in response to long-term confinement for 110 and 240 days in a space module, reflecting the conditions in a multimodule orbital station. True control groups (e.g., the same or a matched group of individuals subjected to daily life outside of the chamber for the same period of time), however, could not be studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of confinement (110 and 240 days) on neuroendocrine stress response and changes of immune cells in men

Choukèr

Smith

Christ

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of long-term confinement on stress-permissive neuroendocrine and immune responses in humans. Two groups of four male subjects were confined 240 days (group 240) or 110 days (group 110) in two space modules of 100 or 200 m3, respectively. During confinement, none of the volunteers developed psychic stress as could be examined and verified by a current stress test. However, in group 240 but not in group 110, the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion was slightly depressed and the urine excretion of norepinephrine significantly increased. The innate part of the immune system became activated as seen by a rise in the number of circulating granulocytes and the enhanced expression of beta2-integrins. In contrast, the ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor cells decreased. All these effects, observed during confinement, were even more pronounced in both groups when values of endocrinological and immunological parameters were compared between before and 1 wk after the end of the confinement period. Hence, return to normal life exerts pronounced effects to a much higher degree, irrespective of how long or under which conditions individuals were confined. Because the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction against recall antigens remained unaffected, it is to be presumed that confinement appears to induce distinct sympathoadrenergic activation and immunological changes but no clinically relevant immunosuppression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of confinement (110 and 240 days) on neuroendocrine stress response and changes of immune cells in men

Choukèr

Smith

Christ

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…HUBES was con-ducted as a MIR space station simulation, and one might raise the question of whether it is possible to generalize psychological findings from this experimental simulation of space. Several stressors in real space missions are not present in ground-based simulators, such as launch and landing stress, stress due to weightlessness during the early days in space, and the knowledge that evacuation in case of emergencies might be difficult (e.g., Schmitt et al, 1995). Despite this limitation, the simulation studies have provided empirical evidence for behavioral issues that were previously anecdotally reported from space.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crew Tension during a Space Station Simulation

Sandal

2001

Environment and Behavior

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Two space simulation studies for the European Space Agency found that interpersonal tension increased in the beginning, around the middle, and toward the end of the confinement. This article reports data from a third study where this issue was further examined. Three subjects were confined in the MIR space station simulator in Moscow for 135 days. Communication analysis, peer rating, questionnaires, and interviews were used to assess crew tension. The temporal pattern found in this study corresponds to the previous findings. The beginning of the period was characterized by competition over leadership. Decreased crew cohesion and aggression toward the mission control marked the middle of the confinement. In the final weeks, open conflicts emerged, and one member was socially excluded. Joking occurred frequently in the first half of the confinement, whereas negative emotional expressions increased in the second half. These results might assist planners in anticipating behavioral problems during space missions.

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“…They studied a rather wide range of parameters characterizing the dynamics of immunological post-isolation changes: the number of CD2 + , CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD19 + , and CD56 + cells, the proliferation of mitogen-induced T cells, the concentration of IFNα and IFNγ in the blood plasma, and a number of bactericidal proteins of plasma and the complement system. The researchers have not identified any significant differences of all the measured parameters compared to baseline ( 75 ).…”

Section: Experiments With a Confinementmentioning

confidence: 93%

Immunological Aspects of Isolation and Confinement

Ponomarev¹,

Kalinin²,

Sadova³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Beyond all doubts, the exploration of outer space is a strategically important and priority sector of the national economy, scientific and technological development of every and particular country, and of all human civilization in general. A number of stress factors, including a prolonged confinement in a limited hermetically sealed space, influence the human body in space on board the spaceship and during the orbital flight. All these factors predominantly negatively affect various functional systems of the organism, in particular, the astronaut’s immunity. These ground-based experiments allow to elucidate the effect of confinement in a limited space on both the activation of the immunity and the changes of the immune status in dynamics. Also, due to simulation of one or another emergency situation, such an approach allows the estimation of the influence of an additional psychological stress on the immunity, particularly, in the context of the reserve capacity of the immune system. A sealed chamber seems a convenient site for working out the additional techniques for crew members selection, as well as the countermeasures for negative changes in the astronauts’ immune status. In this review we attempted to collect information describing changes in human immunity during isolation experiments with different conditions including short- and long-term experiments in hermetically closed chambers with artificial environment and during Antarctic winter-over.

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Immune Responses in Humans after 60 Days of Confinement

Cited by 18 publications

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Effects of confinement (110 and 240 days) on neuroendocrine stress response and changes of immune cells in men

Effects of confinement (110 and 240 days) on neuroendocrine stress response and changes of immune cells in men

Crew Tension during a Space Station Simulation

Immunological Aspects of Isolation and Confinement

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