Immune responses and enhanced disease resistance in Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy (Basilewsky), after oral administration of live or dead cells of Clostridium butyrium CB2

Abstract

Clostridium butyrium CB2 isolated from chickens was tested as a potential fish probiotic in the Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy. Fish were fed live (CB), dead CB2 (D-CB) cells (10(8) cells g(-1)) or spent culture supernatant (SCS), for 30 days and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum or Aeromonas hydrophila. Survival was higher in both the CB and the CB-D fed groups, but the SCS group was not significantly different from the control. After feeding live or dead CB2 cells, there was increase in phagocytic activity of the head kidney macrophages, the lysozyme activity of serum and gut mucosa and immunoglobulin (Ig) level. The SCS group showed no obvious change in immune parameters. The results suggest that live or dead Clostridium butyrium CB2 has an immunomodulatory effect on fish.

Influence of probiotic feeding duration on disease resistance and immune parameters in rainbow trout

“…A similar beneficial effect had already been observed on the phagocytic activity of finfish fed with L. plantarum at 10 6-10 CFU kg À1 [31], yeast Debaryomyces hansenii CBS 8339 at 10 6 CFU g À1 [34], C. butyricum CB2 at 10 8 cells g À1 [19], and L. delbrüeckii subsp. lactis and B. subtilis at 10 7 CFU g À1 or their equi-mixture [26] between two and four weeks of feeding.…”

“…It has been demonstrated in the same fish species that addition of Leuconostoc mesenteroides CLFP 196 and Lactobacillus plantarum CLFP 238 at 10 7 CFU g À1 for 30 days [20], and a mixture of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis at 4 Â 10 4 spores g À1 for 42 days [17] controlled infections caused by Lactococcus garvieae and Y. ruckeri. Also, dietary L. plantarum in grouper [31], Clostridium butyricum CB2 in Chinese drum [19], and B. subtilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus or a mixture of both in tilapia [18] were beneficial when used for 28, 30 and 60 days, respectively, reducing mortality following challenge with Streptococcus sp., V. anguillarum, A. hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens and S. iniae. Conversely, one-week administration of SM1 significantly reduced the fish survival after challenge with the pathogen counter to other feeding regimes, which corroborates well with previous findings [15].…”

“…Studies with probiotics to date have involved the use of different feeding durations, for example 1-8 weeks feeding regimes, leading to improved disease resistance in farmed fish [14][15][16][17][18][19][20], but the basis for choosing these periods is often unclear. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the optimal feeding duration for probiotics thereby maximizing protection in rainbow trout against infection due to Vibrio anguillarum, which is the causative agent of vibriosis and characterized by a haemorrhagic septicaemia leading to high mortalities in various fresh and seawater aquaculture species [9].…”

Probiotic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulguricus on some immune-related parameters in Barbus grypus

“…Increased lysozyme activity has also been reported in O. mykiss fed a diet containing L. Rhamnosus and Pseudomonas spp M162 for 30 and 21 days, respectively (Nikoskelainen et al 2003;Korkea-aho et al 2012). Stimulation of lysozyme activity was recognized after feeding with Carnobacterium divergens B33 and L. rhamnosus JCM 1136 in rainbow trout (Panigrahi et al 2005;Son et al 2009), C. butyricum CB2 in Chinese drum (Pan et al 2008) and S. cerevisiae in sea bream (Rodrıguez et al 2003). These results are in agreement with our findings, higher serum lysozyme levels consistent with lower mortality rate in probiotic-treated fish suggesting that resistance against bacterial pathogens in probiotic-fed fish may be due to increasing the bacterial destruction by lysozyme.…”

Subcellular components of probiotics Kocuria SM1 and Rhodococcus SM2 induce protective immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) against Vibrio anguillarum

“…In contrast, extracellular proteins (ECPs) of both probiotic fared less well. From previous work, cellfree supernatants of probiotics A. sobria and Clostridium butyricum contributed less protection compared to viable cells [4,7]. Moreover, immunization with membrane vesicle (MVs) rich supernatant of Flavobacterium psychrophilum cells did not protect rainbow trout against infection [24].…”