Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Vaccine Development

Abstract

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common viral infections and usually last for a lifetime. The virus can potentially be controlled with vaccines since humans are the only known host. However, despite the development and trial of many vaccines, this has not yet been possible. This is normally attributed to the high latency potential of the virus. Numerous immune cells, particularly the natural killer cells and interferon gamma and pathways that are used by the body to fight HSV infections have been identified. On the other hand, the virus has developed different mechanisms, including using different microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy to avoid clearance and aid latency induction. Both traditional and new methods of vaccine development, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, replication incompetent vaccines, subunit vaccines and recombinant DNA vaccines are now being employed to develop an effective vaccine against the virus. We conclude that this review has contributed to a better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the virus, which is necessary for the development of an effective vaccine against HSV.

Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms

“…Activation of the innate immune response relies upon the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by specific pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Similar to findings in humans, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-1-like receptors (RLRs) are the two main PRRs involved in the recognition of viral components [50]. There are several TLRs upregulated in response to viral infections (TLR4, TLR5, TLR15, TLR16) [51].…”

Identification and Characterization of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Intestine of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) During Edwardsiella tarda Infection

“…Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen, which initially infects orofacial mucosal surfaces and replicates in epithelial cells at these sites, causing clinically overt disease characterized by vesicular lesions ( 39 ). On one hand, HSV invasion is normally followed by activation of both the innate and adaptive immune systems ( 40 ). On the other hand, HSV develops different mechanisms, including inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis to avoid the immune system and maintain itself in latency ( 40 ).…”

“…On one hand, HSV invasion is normally followed by activation of both the innate and adaptive immune systems ( 40 ). On the other hand, HSV develops different mechanisms, including inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis to avoid the immune system and maintain itself in latency ( 40 ). This research revealed that Herpes simplex infection signaling pathway is also important in the regulation of E. tarda infection, and the constructed lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA networks shed new light on understanding the interplay of E. tarda infection and the intestinal mucosal immune responses of P. olivaceus .…”

“…(39). On one hand, HSV invasion is normally followed by activation of both the innate and adaptive immune systems (40). On the other hand, HSV develops different mechanisms, including inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis to avoid the immune system and maintain itself in latency (40).…”

Vaccine Development for Herpes Simplex Viruses: A Commentary of Special Issue Editors

“…Among the first type of contribution, Anthony Ike and coworkers [ 11 ] describe the interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses activated during HSV infections to control virus replication and the different immune evasion strategies developed by the virus to avoid clearance and favor the establishment of latent infection. The Authors also provide an interesting overview of the main prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination strategies that have been developed to date against HSV infections (mainly against HSV-2), including live-attenuated, replication-defective, subunit and DNA vaccines and their stage of development.…”