Immune response modulation upon sequential heterogeneous co-infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and VHSV in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Gorgoglione, Bartolomeo; Taylor, Nick; Holland, Jeremy; Feist, Stephen W.; Secombes, Christopher J.

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.032

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…All pathoanatomical changes in moribund fish examined in this study corresponded to the typical proliferative kidney disease signs [ 26 ], but a possible role of coinfection cannot be ruled out completely because the PRV-3-positive fish were also positive for T. bryosalmonae . A potentiating effect of T. bryosalmonae and a viral agent (VHSV) on the changes of the immune system of salmonids was previously described by Gorgoglione et al [ 37 ]. Other studies confirmed that a Raphidascaris acus infection prolonged PKD-related gross changes in brown trout kidneys [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T. bryosalmonae acts as an immunomodulant [ 48 ] and can potentially cause up to 20% mortality in affected brown trout [ 26 ], with additional coinfections potentiating the pathologic effects [ 37 , 38 ]. Additionally, infections of European brown trout have a larger impact on the health of the infected fish, when compared with rainbow trout [ 40 , 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection

et al. 2020

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The population of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in continental Europe is on the decline, with infectious diseases confirmed as one of the causative factors. However, no data on the epizootiological situation of wild fish in the Czech Republic are currently available. In this study, brown trout (n = 260) from eight rivers were examined for the presence of viral and parasitical pathogens. Salmonid alphavirus-2, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, piscine novirhabdovirus (VHSV) and salmonid novirhabdovirus (IHNV) were not detected using PCR. Cell culturing showed no viruses as well, and serological analysis of 110 sera did not detect any specific antibodies against VHSV or IHNV. Fish from two rivers were positive for the presence of piscine orthoreovirus-3 (PRV-3), subtype PRV-3b. However, none of the PRV-3-positive fish showed gross pathologies typically associated with PRV infections. By far the most widespread pathogen was Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae which was confirmed in each of the examined locations, with a prevalence of up to 65% and 100%, as established by immunohistochemistry and PCR, respectively. Furthermore, up to 43.8% of fish showed signs of proliferative kidney disease caused by T. bryosalmonae, suggesting that this parasite is a main health challenge for brown trout in the Czech Republic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection

et al. 2020

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“…The β-defensin family of genes plays a significant role in antibacterial and antiviral immunity in fish [ 27 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Previous studies showed up-regulation of β-defensins and other antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in the kidney of brown trout infected with the novirhabodvirus viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) [ 49 ]. However, the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the trout olfactory organ had not been investigated to date.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We observed that one of the four β-defensin genes studied, omdb-3 , showed a unique expression pattern characterized by a more sustained up-regulation compared to the other three β-defensin genes. Similarly, in VHSV-infected brown trout, omdb-3 expression changes in the kidney differed from those of other AMP genes [ 49 ]. Future studies should determine the unique function of each AMP in the context of nasal immunity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination Route Determines the Kinetics and Magnitude of Nasal Innate Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Dong

Tacchi

et al. 2020

Biology

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Many pathogens infect animal hosts via the nasal route. Thus, understanding how vaccination stimulates early nasal immune responses is critical for animal and human health. Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent disease outbreaks in farmed fish. Nasal vaccination induces strong innate and adaptive immune responses in rainbow trout and was shown to be highly effective against infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). However, direct comparisons between intranasal, injection and immersion vaccination routes have not been conducted in any fish species. Moreover, whether injection or immersion routes induce nasal innate immune responses is unknown. The goal of this study is to compare the effects of three different vaccine delivery routes, including intranasal (IN), intramuscular (i.m.) injection and immersion (imm) routes on the trout nasal innate immune response. Expression analyses of 13 immune-related genes in trout nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), detected significant changes in immune expression in all genes analyzed in response to the three vaccination routes. However, nasal vaccination induced the strongest and fastest changes in innate immune gene expression compared to the other two routes. Challenge experiments 7 days post-vaccination (dpv) show the highest survival rates in the IN- and imm-vaccinated groups. However, survival rates in the imm group were significantly lower than the IN- and i.m.-vaccinated groups 28 dpv. Our results confirm that nasal vaccination of rainbow trout with live attenuated IHNV is highly effective and that the protection conferred by immersion vaccination is transient. These results also demonstrate for the first time that immersion vaccines stimulate NALT immune responses in salmonids.

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“…Type I IFN transcripts strongly correlate with viral burden and with the transcription of marker genes encoding for effectors of the IFN antiviral cascade [48,49]. The sustained expression of IGSs, viz MX proteins, ISG-15 or VIPERIN, is a common hallmark adopted in fish immunology as a measure of the antiviral state induced upon viral infections [50][51][52][53][54], and heterogeneous co-infections [55,56]. As such, a potential role for NV in suppressing host innate immunity would represent a novel function unique to Novirhabdovirus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative effects of Novirhabdovirus genes on modulating constitutive transcription and innate antiviral responses, in different teleost host cell types

Gorgoglione

Ringiesn

Pham

et al. 2020

Virol J

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Background: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are highly contagious, pathogenic Novirhabdoviruses affecting fish and are thusly notifiable diseases with the World Organization for Animal Health. This study assessed the relative capacities of IHNV and VHSV genes to modulate host general transcription and explores the abilities of specific IHNV genes to interfere with the interferon pathway in heterogenous teleost cell-lines. Methods: Optimized protocols allowed for efficient transient transfections in EPC, BF-2, RTG-2 and RTgill-W1 cell lines of plasmids encoding IHNV (M genogroup) and VHSV (-IVb genotype) genes, including N, P, M, G and NV. Their impact on general cellular transcription was measured 48 hours post transfection (hpt) with luciferase constructs driven by a modified β-Actin promoter (pCAG). Their modulation of the innate antiviral immune response was characterized 72 hpt, using luciferase constructs measuring rainbow trout Type I IFN or MX-1 promoter augmentation, upon MAVS cotransfection. Results: M was generally confirmed as the strongest constitutive transcriptional suppressor while IHNV P, but not VHSV P, augmented constitutive transcription in fibroblastic cell types. Cell-specific effects were observed for viral G gene, with VHSV G exhibiting suppression of basal transcription in EPC and BF-2 but not in trout cells; while IHNV G was stimulatory in RTG-2, but inhibitory in RTgill-W1. NV consistently stimulated constitutive transcription, with higher augmentation patterns seen in fibroblastic compared to epithelial cells, and for IHNV NV compared to VHSV NV. The innate antiviral immune response, focusing on the IFN pathway, was silenced by IHNV M in all cell lines tested. IHNV N showed a dose-dependent suppression of type I IFN, but with minor effects on MX-1. IHNV P and G played minor IFNinhibitory roles, consistent and dose-dependent only for G in rainbow trout cells. IHNV NV mediated a consistent stimulatory effect on either Type I IFN or MX-1, but much less pronounced in RTgill-W1.

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Immune response modulation upon sequential heterogeneous co-infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and VHSV in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Cited by 14 publications

References 87 publications

Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection

Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection

Vaccination Route Determines the Kinetics and Magnitude of Nasal Innate Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Comparative effects of Novirhabdovirus genes on modulating constitutive transcription and innate antiviral responses, in different teleost host cell types

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