Immune response markers in sera of children infected with Giardia duodenalis AI and AII subassemblages

Pacheco, Flávia Thamiris Figueiredo; Carvalho, Silvia Souza de; Cardoso, Luciana Santos; Andrade, Lorena Santana; Chagas, Gisele Maria Trindade das; Gomes, Deusdete Conceição; Mercês, Cristiane F.; Rocha, Felipe Carvalho; Silva, Luciano K.; Soares, Neci Matos; Teixeira, Márcia Cristina Aquino

doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2019.04.001

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Interferon-γ is a cytokine often associated with immunopathology of giardiasis. In a study of patients in Iran, symptomatic patients had higher levels of IFN-γ than uninfected controls, while patients with asymptomatic infections did not [8]. We were unable to classify the Giardia-infected children in this study as being symptomatic or asymptomatic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil

et al. 2019

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Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts of Giardia lamblia. Susceptibility is higher in children and overall prevalence can reach up to 90% in low-income areas, although outbreaks are also reported in developed countries. Both parasite and immune-mediated epithelial damage has been observed in vitro and in animal models. However, whether enterocytes are directly damaged during infection is not entirely known. Our goal was to identify whether plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), a marker of enterocyte damage, are related to the immune response in giardiasis. Blood plasma was collected from 31 children (19 Giardia-positive) from a public day care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The levels of I-FABP were increased in Giardia-infected children compared to children without detectable infection. There was no difference in I-FABP levels in giardiasis caused by different genetic assemblages of Giardia. Levels of IL-8 were decreased, while there was a trend to elevated IL-17 in the Giardia-positive children. A positive correlation was observed between I-FABP and IL-17 levels as well as TNF, suggesting that epithelial damage can be related to cytokine production during giardiasis. These results help elucidate the relationship between the disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier and immune responses to G. lamblia in children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…In adult human patients who recovered from giardiasis, IL-17 was upregulated when effector memory CD4 + T cells were restimulated in vitro with Giardia antigens [7]. However, roles for other cytokines in pathogenesis of giardiasis are much less clear, and few studies have addressed this issue in humans [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil

et al. 2019

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“…(21,28,40,43,47,48,49,50,51,52) The most used target in PCR-RFLP was gdh, and sometimes appeared combined with the target βg. (21,43,47,48,49,50,51,52) Only one study used only the βg target for genotyping in PCR-RFLP. (28) In these studies, PCR-RFLP showed a satisfactory result in identifying the assemblages circulating, with the exception of just one study where PCR-RFLP data obtained by sequencing did not determine the assemblage of isolates from samples of humans, dogs and vegetables.…”

Section: Genotyping Strategies Of G Duodenalis In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(18,19,20) Similarly, no relationship between the immune response profile and a specific infecting assemblage was observed, although assemblages A, B, and E are associated with damage to the intestinal mucosa in humans. (21,22) The different molecular characterisation tools have played an important role not only to better understand the characteristics of the assemblages, but also to understand the zoonotic cycles of transmission. Further genotyping studies are needed in order to elucidate the complexity involved in the transmission dynamics of G. duodenalis assemblages, especially in regions with high frequencies of infection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Brazil: there is still a long way to go

Fantinatti

Gonçalves-Pinto

Lopes-Oliveira

et al. 2020

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Giardia duodenalis infection is distributed worldwide and can achieve prevalence around 60%, especially in developing countries. This protozoan is divided into eight assemblages, in which A and B have high zoonotic potential, whereas C to H are host-specific. This scenario is changing as molecular studies progress, highlighting that knowledge on host-specificity still has a long way to go. Understanding the players involved in transmission routes enables rational designs of control strategies. Considering the high prevalence of giardiasis, this review aims to gather together the data on available studies on the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages in Brazil until September 2020.

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“…A recent study by Pacheco and colleagues [59] has demonstrated elevated serum gamma interferon (IFNγ) in children infected with giardiasis. Therefore, we sought to compare the effect of metronidazole and Artemisia annua on giardiasis-induced elevated serum IFN-γ levels.…”

Section: Parasitological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Artemisia Annua Ethanolic Extract Mitigated Small Intestinal Lesions in Hamsters Infected With Giardia Lamblia Possibly Through Modulation of Mucosal Immunity

Abd-Elhamid

Abdel-Rahman

Mahmoud

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Giardiasis is a worldwide health problem caused by Giardia lamblia. Unfortunately, G. lamblia developed drug resistance against commonly used therapeutic agents. Artemisia annua (A. annua) derivatives showed therapeutic efficacy against a number of parasitic infestations. Here, we aimed to elucidate the effect of A. annua on giardiasis-induced small intestinal changes in hamsters. Thirty-two hamsters were divided into 4 groups. GI: Uninfected, GII: infected with G. lamblia cysts and untreated, GIII: infected and treated with metronidazole, served as a positive control, and GIV: infected and treated with the A. annua ethanolic extract. The efficacy of the extract was assessed by trophozoite counts, serum cytokine levels and histopathology. Infection of gerbils with G. lamblia cysts significantly decreased serum nitrite, while increased serum IL-6, INF-γ and TNF-α. Additionally, G. lamblia increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) while reduced villus heights, goblet cell (GC) number and muscularis externa (ME) thickness. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that G. lamblia increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and caspase-3 expression. In contrast, treating infected animals with A. annua significantly reduced the mean trophozoite counts, serum nitrite, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α levels and IEL numbers while increased villus heights, GC numbers and ME thickness. Moreover, A. annua reversed giardiasis-induced changes in iNOS and caspase-3 expression. In conclusion; we showed clearly that A. annua extract reduced the severity and morphological changes of giardiasis possibly through modulation of nitric oxide production and mucosal immunity. These effects were comparable to effects of metronidazole. Therefore, we assume that A. annua extracts could be used as adjuvant therapy during treatment of giardiasis.

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Immune response markers in sera of children infected with Giardia duodenalis AI and AII subassemblages

Cited by 10 publications

References 78 publications

Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil

Giardiasis Alters Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) and Plasma Cytokines Levels in Children in Brazil

Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Brazil: there is still a long way to go

Artemisia Annua Ethanolic Extract Mitigated Small Intestinal Lesions in Hamsters Infected With Giardia Lamblia Possibly Through Modulation of Mucosal Immunity

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