Immune response and survival of Circulifer haematoceps to Spiroplasma citri infection requires expression of the gene hexamerin

Eliautout, Remi; Dubrana, Marie-Pierre; Vincent-Monégat, Carole; Vallier, Agnès; Braquart‐Varnier, Christine; Poirié, Marylène; Saillard, Colette; Heddi, Abdelaziz; Arricau‐Bouvery, Nathalie

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.007

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…This could have been due to the fact that the analyses were performed at late, chronic stages of phytoplasma infection, when colonization of the insect body was complete (12). A burst of activated phenoloxidase is, in fact, expected at the onset of the infectious event, as a defense reaction to the immunological challenge (35), as reported for Micrococcus luteus infection of the leafhopper Circulifer haematoceps (36). Surprisingly, when insects were challenged by an additional stress (wounding through nylon thread), the scenario changed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Members of this protein family are effector proteins involved in insect immunity that are inducible upon ingestion of bacteria and have a putative role in gut repair (38). Moreover, in the closely related mollicute-leafhopper association (C. haematoceps/Spiroplasma citri), hexamerin is upregulated following infection and is required for vector survival after spiroplasma inoculation (36). Besides their role in energy metabolism (see below), arthropod arginine kinases (AK) are also involved in stress response and innate immunity; Apis cerana AK is induced by abiotic and biotic stresses (39), pacific oyster AK modulates bactericidal immune response in hemolymph (40), and AK from Fenneropenaeus chinensis shrimp has been hypothesized to be the putative receptor of the WSSV virus envelope protein (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenoloxidase activity. The enzymatic activity of naturally activated phenoloxidase (PO) and the proenzyme prophenoloxidase (ProPO) were measured in plasma and hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS) as described previously (35,36). About 5 hemolymph samples were tested for each sex and condition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two Phytoplasmas Elicit Different Responses in the Insect Vector Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum

et al. 2018

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Phytoplasmas are plant-pathogenic bacteria transmitted by hemipteran insects. The leafhopper is a natural vector of chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma (CYp) and a laboratory vector of flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp). The two phytoplasmas induce different effects on this species: CYp slightly improves whereas FDp negatively affects insect fitness. To investigate the molecular bases of these different responses, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of infected with either CYp or FDp was performed. The sequencing provided the first transcriptome assembly for a phytoplasma vector and a starting point for further analyses on differentially regulated genes, mainly related to immune system and energy metabolism. Insect phenoloxidase activity, immunocompetence, and body pigmentation were measured to investigate the immune response, while respiration and movement rates were quantified to confirm the effects on energy metabolism. The activation of the insect immune response upon infection with FDp, which is not naturally transmitted by, confirmed that this bacterium is mostly perceived as a potential pathogen. Conversely, the acquisition of CYp, which is naturally transmitted by , seems to increase the insect fitness by inducing a prompt response to stress. This long-term relationship is likely to improve survival and dispersal of the infected insect, thus enhancing the opportunity of phytoplasma transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two Phytoplasmas Elicit Different Responses in the Insect Vector Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum

et al. 2018

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“…However, in Circulifer haematoceps , phenoloxidase activity is induced by bacterial infection, accompanied by the upregulation of hexamerin transcription. Moreover, RNAi of hexamerin resulted in a significant reduction in phenoloxidase activity, showing the involvement of hexamerin in phenoloxidase activity (Eliautout et al ., ). Here, in fat body of B. mori , phenoloxidases, including LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phenoloxidase subunit 1‐like, phenoloxidase subunit 1, prophenoloxidase‐2s and phenoloxidase subunit 2, were all identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Clathrin‐dependent endocytosis predominantly mediates protein absorption by fat body from the hemolymph in Bombyx mori

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2019

Insect Science

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During insect larval-pupal metamorphosis, proteins in the hemolymph are absorbed by the fat body for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis; however, the type of proteins and how these proteins are internalized into the fat body are unclear. In Bombyx mori, the developmental profiles of total proteins in the hemolymph and fat body showed that hemolymph-decreased protein bands (55-100 kDa) were in accordance with those protein bands that increased in the fat body. Inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis predominantly blocked the transportation of 55-100 kDa proteins from the hemolymph into the fat body, which was further verified by RNA interference treatment of Bmclathrin. Six hexamerins were shown to comprise ß90% of the total identified proteins in both the hemolymph and fat body by mass spectrum (MS) analysis. In addition, hemolymphspecific proteins were mainly involved in material transportation, while fat body-specific proteins particularly participated in metabolism. In this paper, four hexamerins were found for the first time, and potential proteins absorbed by the fat body from the hemolymph through clathrin-dependent endocytosis were identified. This study sheds light on the protein absorption mechanism during insect metamorphosis.

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“…Knockdown of peptidoglycan recognition protein ( PGRP-LC ) in this insect resulted in significant mortality that reached more than 90% [140]. In the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus known to transmit cutoviruses that cause diseases in sugar beet, beans and other important crops, successful silencing was demonstrated by reducing the expression of hexamine , resulting in significant reduction in phenoloxidase-like activity and increased mortality [142]. …”

Section: Rnai-based Approaches For the Control Of Insect Vectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA Interference in Insect Vectors for Plant Viruses

Kanakala

Ghanim

2016

Viruses

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Insects and other arthropods are the most important vectors of plant pathogens. The majority of plant pathogens are disseminated by arthropod vectors such as aphids, beetles, leafhoppers, planthoppers, thrips and whiteflies. Transmission of plant pathogens and the challenges in managing insect vectors due to insecticide resistance are factors that contribute to major food losses in agriculture. RNA interference (RNAi) was recently suggested as a promising strategy for controlling insect pests, including those that serve as important vectors for plant pathogens. The last decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the functional analysis of insect genes, especially those whose silencing results in mortality or interference with pathogen transmission. The identification of such candidates poses a major challenge for increasing the role of RNAi in pest control. Another challenge is to understand the RNAi machinery in insect cells and whether components that were identified in other organisms are also present in insect. This review will focus on summarizing success cases in which RNAi was used for silencing genes in insect vector for plant pathogens, and will be particularly helpful for vector biologists.

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Immune response and survival of Circulifer haematoceps to Spiroplasma citri infection requires expression of the gene hexamerin

Cited by 29 publications

References 82 publications

Two Phytoplasmas Elicit Different Responses in the Insect Vector Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum

Two Phytoplasmas Elicit Different Responses in the Insect Vector Euscelidius variegatus Kirschbaum

Clathrin‐dependent endocytosis predominantly mediates protein absorption by fat body from the hemolymph in Bombyx mori

RNA Interference in Insect Vectors for Plant Viruses

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