Immune Response after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Lung Transplant Recipients: A 6-Month Follow-Up

Tobudic, Selma; Benazzo, Alberto; Koblischke, Maximilian; Schneider, Lisa; Blüml, Stephan; Winkler, Florian; Schmidt, Hannah Maren; Vorlen, Stefan; Haslacher, Helmuth; Perkmann, Thomas; Burgmann, Heinz; Jaksch, Péter; Aberle, Judith H.; Winkler, Stefan

doi:10.3390/vaccines10071130

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…LTRs have reduced immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination compared with controls, with antibodies developing in 0%-64% of patients (8)(9)(10). Cellular responses have been studied to a lesser extent, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T lymphocytes can be detected in 2%-56% of LTRs after the first two vaccinations, which is lower compared with controls (11). Virusspecific T cells can nevertheless be present without detectable antibodies (10)(11)(12)(13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cellular responses have been studied to a lesser extent, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T lymphocytes can be detected in 2%-56% of LTRs after the first two vaccinations, which is lower compared with controls (11). Virusspecific T cells can nevertheless be present without detectable antibodies (10)(11)(12)(13). Studies into the durability of antibodies indicate that healthy controls lose 90% of antibodies in 6 months after the primary vaccination regimen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humoral and cellular immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination of lung transplant recipients and patients on the waiting list: a 6-month follow-up

Hoek,

Liu,

GeurtsvanKessel

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundData on cellular response and the decay of antibodies and T cells in time are scarce in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Additionally, the development and durability of humoral and cellular immune responses have not been investigated in patients on the waitlist for lung transplantation (WLs). Here, we report our 6-month follow-up of humoral and cellular immune responses of LTRs and WLs, compared with controls.MethodsHumoral responses to two doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccination were assessed by determining spike (S)-specific IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies. Cellular responses were investigated by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) and IFN-γ ELISpot assay at 28 days and 6 months after the second vaccination.ResultsIn LTRs, the level of antibodies and T-cell responses was significantly lower at 28 days after the second vaccination. Also, WLs had lower antibody titers and lower T-cell responses compared with controls. Six months after the second vaccination, all groups showed a decrease in antibody titers and T-cell responses. In WLs, the rate of decline of neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses was significantly higher than in controls.ConclusionOur results show that humoral and cellular responses in LTRs, if they develop, decrease at rates comparable with controls. In contrast, the inferior cellular responses and the rapid decay of both humoral and cellular responses in the WL groups imply that WLs may not be protected adequately by two vaccinations and repeat boostering may be necessary to induce protection that lasts beyond the months immediately post-transplantation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral and cellular immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination of lung transplant recipients and patients on the waiting list: a 6-month follow-up

Hoek,

Liu,

GeurtsvanKessel

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Humoral and T-cell response 12 months after the first BNT162b2 vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients and controls: Kinetics, associated factors, and role of SARS-CoV-2 infection

et al. 2023

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IntroductionWe investigated humoral and T-cell responses within 12 months after first BNT162b2 vaccine in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and controls who had received at least three vaccine doses. Furthermore, we compared the immune response in participants with and without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.MethodsWe included adult liver, lung, and kidney transplant recipients, and controls were selected from a parallel cohort of healthcare workers.ResultsAt 12th-month, the IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) (P<0.001), IgA GMCs (P=0.003), and median IFN-γ (P<0.001) were lower in SOT recipients than in controls. However, in SOT recipients and controls with previous infection, the neutralizing index was 99%, and the IgG, and IgA responses were comparable. After adjustment, female-sex (aOR: 3.6, P<0.009), kidney (aOR: 7.0, P= 0.008) or lung transplantation (aOR: 7.5, P= 0.014), and use of mycophenolate (aOR: 5.2, P=0.03) were associated with low IgG non response. Age (OR:1.4, P=0.038), time from transplantation to first vaccine (OR: 0.45, P<0.035), and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR: 0.14, P<0.001), were associated with low IgA non response. Diabetes (OR:2.4, P=0.044) was associated with T-cell non response.ConclusionIn conclusion, humoral and T-cell responses were inferior in SOT recipients without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection but comparable to controls in SOT recipients with previous infection.

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Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in intensive care unit workers following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

Riego

Sáiz²,

Corte-Iglesias³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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The cellular immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in response to full mRNA COVID-19 vaccination could be variable among healthy individuals. Studies based only in specific antibody levels could show an erroneous immune protection at long times. For that, we analyze the antibody levels specific to the S protein and the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells by ELISpot and AIM assays in intensive care unit (ICU) workers with no antecedents of COVID-19 and vaccinated with two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. All individuals were seronegative for the SARS-CoV-2 protein S before vaccination (Pre-v), but 34.1% (14/41) of them showed pre-existing T lymphocytes specific for some viral proteins (S, M and N). One month after receiving two doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Post-v1), all cases showed seroconversion with high levels of total and neutralizing antibodies to the spike protein, but six of them (14.6%) had no T cells reactive to the S protein. Specifically, they lack of specific CD8+ T cells, but maintain the contribution of CD4+ T cells. Analysis of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 at 10 months after full vaccination (Post-v10), exhibited a significant reduction in the antibody levels (p<0.0001) and protein S-reactive T cells (p=0.0073) in all analyzed individuals, although none of the individuals become seronegative and 77% of them maintained a competent immune response. Thus, we can suggest that the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 elicited by the mRNA vaccines was highly variable among ICU workers. A non-negligible proportion of individuals did not develop a specific T cell response mediated by CD8+ T cells after vaccination, that may condition the susceptibility to further viral infections with SARS-CoV-2. By contrast, around 77% of individuals developed strong humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 that persisted even after 10 months. Analysis of the cellular immune response is highly recommended for providing exact information about immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.

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Immune Response after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Lung Transplant Recipients: A 6-Month Follow-Up

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Humoral and cellular immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination of lung transplant recipients and patients on the waiting list: a 6-month follow-up

Humoral and cellular immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination of lung transplant recipients and patients on the waiting list: a 6-month follow-up

Humoral and T-cell response 12 months after the first BNT162b2 vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients and controls: Kinetics, associated factors, and role of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in intensive care unit workers following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

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