Immune reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children with different virological responses to anti-retroviral therapy

Abstract

SummaryImmune repopulation, despite virological failure, often occurs in children under highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of immune repopulation and activation in children with and without virological response to HAART.

Short Communication: Evidence That Microbial Translocation Occurs in HIV-Infected Children in the United Kingdom

“…50 The microbial translocation hypothesis needs further investigation in children where data so far are limited and conflicting. 15,22,38,51 Our data indicate that MT may consist of low levels of multiple organisms resident within the GI tract. Given the increased survival of HIV-infected children on ART, 52,53 investigating the importance of MT in this population and in resource-limited settings is vital for the future rational design of intervention studies.…”

“…There has so far been few data generated investigating the question of MT in HIV-infected children, 15,22,38,39 with this being the first study to our knowledge using molecular techniques to identify MT in children in the developed world, and the only one to have successfully sequenced bacterial DNA using conventional and high-throughput techniques. In adult populations standard sequencing has been carried out in only a handful of studies 17,30 and has yielded results compatible with possible contamination such as Serratia spp.…”

“…Microbial translocation (MT) across the gut is one mechanism that may drive immune activation. [11][12][13][14][15] Rapid CD4 cell depletion within the gut mucosa early in HIV infection is hypothesized to allow translocation of intestinal microbiotal products into the bloodstream at increased levels compared with uninfected persons. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Translocation may be of viable organisms or of microbial components, which may include lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial DNA.…”

Epstein-Barr Virus load and immune activation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1-infected patients

“…Plasma LPS was quantified using a chromogenic assay (Limolus Amebocyte Lysate QCL-1000), as previously reported. 16 Levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were determined in the sera of 94 patients. Cytokines were quantified with Fluorokine MAP Human IL-6 kit, Fluorokine MAP Human TNF-␣/TNFSF2 kit and Fluorokine MAP Human IL-10 kit (R&D Systems) designed for using the Luminex 200 TM , according to manufacturer's instructions.…”

Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections

“…[15][16][17] Studies have recently shown that in HIV and pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection microbial products translocate from the lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is both structurally and immunologically damaged during acute phase of infection, into the systemic circulation; these microbial products are bioactive in vivo and contribute to immune activation during the chronic phase of infection. [18][19][20][21][22] However, naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys (SM) that do not progress to AIDS or manifest chronic immune activation do not develop microbial translocation. 19 Because Th17 cells are thought to play a central role in antibacterial immunity, particularly at mucosal surfaces, we sought to examine the frequency, phenotype, functionality, antigen specificity, and in vivo infection frequency of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood (PB), GI tract, and broncheoalveolar lavage of HIV-infected and uninfected persons and SIV-infected and uninfected SMs.…”